托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编2 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 3. Reading Comprehension

Sections Three：Reading Comprehension

Bird SongP1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualities. But to scientists, bird song is also of interest because it represents an evolutionary flowering of vocal learning. Hereditary information and environment have a crucial role to play in the behavioral patterns of voca learning. Since the pioneering work of W. H. Thorpe on chaffinches (a common European bird), many species of bird have been studied yielding a bountiful harvest of insights into both the learning process and the constraints on what they are able to learn.P2: To determine how much learning was affected by various factors, Thorpe devised a series of experiments. He hand-reared a group of young chaffinches together in the same cage, keeping them isolated from their parents and any other audio role models. Thorpe found that the song they produced was about the right length and in the correct frequency range, and even structured similarly to those raised in the wild. And yet, the quality of the songs they produced was very poor. They were crude versions of the wild chaffinch’s song, lacking the refinement and detail characteristic of the typical wild adult song, and the song was not split up into distinct phrases as it usually is. In later experiments, researchers played recordings of songs to the chicks and discovered that many of them would learn the exact pattern of the acoustic source. This was particularly remarkable, as juveniles were able to copy the songs that they were only exposed to over the first few weeks of life with extreme precision, though they would not sing themselves until about eight months old. After that brief period, however, the windows of opportunity for the song-learning process apparently shut down for the rest of the birds’ lives.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species.Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template— syllables or song types used in composing his song. The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there

is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.P4: However, not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches. There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf, so that they are restricted from the auditory feedback of their own efforts, much less copy those of others. In other cases, such as parrots and hill mynahs, birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds. The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn more readily from live tutors, though those calls are highly varied in structure. The ability to master them has led the birds, incidentally, to be capable of mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. ■ Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. ■ The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. ■ The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. ■ In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.

1． The word “pioneering” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．recent B．famous C．original

D．controversial

正确答案：C 解析：【词汇题】pioneering意为“首创的，先驱的”。

2． The word “distinct” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．short B．simple C．separate

D．similar

正确答案：C 解析：【词汇题】distinct意为“明显的、独特的、有区别的”。 3． According to paragraph 2, all of the following are characteristics of the songs of the young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:

A．They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches. B．They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches. C．They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches. D．They were clearly different from each other.

正确答案：D 解析：【否定事实信息题】这种题型最好用的方法是带着选项去原文对应一一排除。A，B，C都明显都对应，选项D中说幼鸟的歌声不同，而原文提到的是幼鸟和成鸟的歌声不同，所以D选项是答案。

4． According to paragraph 2, researchers discovered which of the following by playing recordings of songs to chaffinches?

A．Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.

B．Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.

C．Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.

D．Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.

正确答案：C 解析：【事实信息题】题目问给幼鸟播放录音会有什么发现，文中6—7句“In later experiments”明确提到了“discovered that many of them would learn the exact pattern of the acoustic source”说明幼鸟可以模仿声音，而ABD都说无法模仿，因此答案是C。

5． All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as characteristics of hand-reared chaffinches EXCEPT:

A．They are able to copy songs very precisely.

B．Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches. C．Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds. D．Their songs are of the inferior quality compared with those wild ones.

正确答案：C 解析：【否定事实信息题】这种题型最好用的方法是带着选项去原文对应一一排除。A、B、D明显都对应。选项C中说幼鸟的歌声不像其他鸟一样结构完

整，而第3句里说“and even scructured similarly to those raised in the wild”，选项明显不符所以C选项是答案。

6． The word “typical” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．exclusive B．certain C．average D．classic

正确答案：D 解析：【词汇题】typical意为“典型的”。 7． It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that one of the functions of songs in birds is to

A．bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolation. B．help young birds distinguish other young birds from adults. C．make possible interactions between birds of different species. D．help birds to establish territories.

正确答案：D 解析：【推断题】题目问鸟的歌声有什么作用，末句后半段提到“it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species…”说明鸟的歌声是可以帮助建立鸟类自己的领地的，所以答案为D。

8． Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A．Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.

B．The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.

C．Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.

D．Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation, researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.

正确答案：B 解析：【句子简化题】原文的主干与B选项的主干相似，并且表述内容一致，因此答案是B。

9． According to paragraph 3, in some species, young birds do not copy songs from recordings because

A．they learn to sing only by live interactions with other birds. B．their ability to learn from recordings occurs later in life.

C．they can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodland. D．they can only learn songs from other birds of their own species.

正确答案：A 解析：【事实信息题】题目问为什么有的鸟不学录音里的歌声，倒数第2句说对于一些鸟类“Thus，young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions．”小鸟只会学跟它们有交流的个体的歌声，对应选项中的“live interaction”，答案是A。

10． Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species?

A．To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small area

B．To argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraints

C．To provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to another

D．To illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birds

正确答案：D 解析：【修辞目的题】题目问这句话的作用，因为此句在文中的分号后，用来进一步说明前半句“there is no doubt that they are effective”，因此答案是D。

11． The word “restricted” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．important B．popular C．limited D．accurate

正确答案：C 解析：【词汇题】restricted意为“受的”。

12． According to paragraph 4, why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety of sounds?

A．They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.

B．The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.

C．They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other. D．An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.

正确答案：D 解析：【事实信息题】题目问鹩哥为什么可以模仿多种声音，第4句提到

“because birds in an area learn more readily from live tutors…”，其中readily意为“毫不费力地”，说明鹩哥的特别之处在于自身能力，因此答案是D。

13． Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Are these constraints genetic, environmental, or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

正确答案：B 解析：【句子插入题】插入文本提出了一个问题，问这些究竟是基因的还是环境的，那下文就应该就此展开讨论。B处之前出现了the constraints，之后出现“The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry”，所以答案是B。

14． An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.The singing of birds tends to be affected by genetic and social elements.---Answer ChoicesA Bird song is a typical example of the vocal evolution. B Song patterns are imprinted in birds before they are even born, which entails almost exact length, frequency range as their adult models. C To some species the learning opportunity is very specific to the first few weeks after hatching, and lost forever if missed. D Certain birds, even when they are deaf, show talents of producing sound, breaking the learning patterns we normally perceive. E Learning patterns vary among species: some learn independently of any vocal source while others can be deliberately trained. F Songs are exclusively owned by an individual species, affected by both inheritance traits and social interactions within and among species.

正确答案：B，E，F 解析：【文章总结题】本文讨论了鸟鸣是受怎样的因素影响。因此涉及影响因素的B(对应2段)、E(对应4段)、F(对应3段)选项正确。A、C、D三个选项都属于细节，偏离主旨，均不可选。

Determining the Age of the Planets and the UniverseP1: As the solar nebula, a large rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas, contracted, the vast majority of materials collected in the center to form the sun. The remainder formed a flattened, spinning disk. Within this spinning disk, matter gradually formed clumps of material that collided, stuck together and grew into planets, which revolve in the same direction and in orbits that lie in nearly the same plane. This is strong evidence that the planets formed simultaneously from a single disk of material that rotated in the same direction as modern planets.P2: Scientists generally agree that the answer to the riddle of the age of the earth is carefully concealed within the earth’s crust. Since the earth’s surface is subject to inevitable erosion and igneous and metamorphic processes,

with huge amounts of material blown or washed out to sea each year, it seemed very likely that the rocks and other material measured might not be quite as old as the earth itself. In fact, the current estimate of the earth’s age derives from extraterrestrial rocks—meteorites—which collided with the earth and escaped the erosion at its surface.P3: Since meteorites come in all sizes, from miniscule particles to the “small” planets known as asteroids, much of meteorite classification is based, in fact, on the kind of substances a specimen primarily contains rather than its scale. The largest group of meteorites is stony meteorites, which once formed part of the outer crust of a planet or asteroid. Iron meteorites are made of pure nickel and iron, with some occasional impurities such as graphite and the mineral troilite, which may originate from within the metallic cores of asteroids. Stony-Iron meteorites are almost even mixes of metallic and rocky material. They were probably formed by mixing between metal cores and the rocky magma within asteroids. This makes them extremely rare because there is only a small region inside asteroids where metallic and stony material can mix.P4: The age of the chemical elements within a meteorite can be estimated using radioactive decay to determine how old a given mixture of atoms is. The most definite ages that can be determined this way are measurements of time elapsed since the solidification of rock samples. When a rock solidifies, the chemical elements often get separated into different crystalline grains in the rock. When this method was applied to many different meteorites, it was gratifying to find that the oldest ages obtained for rocks gathered on the surface of the moon tend to cluster around 4.6 billion years. This makes for a very convincing measurement of the age of the solar system, for the simple reason that as no water exists on the lunar surface, which varies from that of the earth, ancient rocks found on the moon should be of the same age as the solar system.P5: Determining the age of the universe has been far more complicated because the universe is comprised of many enormous disk-like galaxies, each including innumerable stars. What’s more, the universe is constantly expanding: according to the Big Bang theory, the matter that forms galaxies has been spreading in all directions ever since the explosive event occurred several billion years ago. It is not the galaxies themselves that are expanding, but rather the space between them. What is happening is analogous to inflating a balloon with small coins attached to its surface. The coins behave like galaxies: although they do not expand, the space between them does.P6: In the 1910s, astronomers noticed that the light from nearly every galaxy was redshifted, which means light waves passing through those galaxies were stretched toward the red end of the visible spectrum of wavelengths. In 1929, American astronomer Edwin Hubble matched up these redshifts with distance estimates to these galaxies and uncovered something remarkable: the farther away a galaxy, the faster it is receding. Hubble had stumbled upon a startling truth: the universe was uniformly expanding. What came to be known as the cosmological redshift was the first piece of the Big Bang theory and ultimately a description of the origin of our universe. Calculations based on these redshifts indicate that about 13.7 billion years ago all of the galaxies would have been at one spot, the site of the big bang. This, then, is the approximate date of the big bang and the age of the universe.P3: ■ Since meteorites come in all sizes, from miniscule particles to the

“small” planets known as asteroids, much of meteorite classification is based, in fact, on the kind of substances a specimen primarily contains rather than its scale.■ The largest group of meteorites is stony meteorites, which once formed part of the outer crust of a planet or asteroid. ■ Iron meteorites are made of pure nickel and iron, with some occasional impurities such as graphite and the mineral troilite, which may originate from within the metallic cores of asteroids. ■ Stony-Iron meteorites are almost even mixes of metallic and rocky material. They were probably formed by mixing between metal cores and the rocky magma within asteroids. This makes them extremely rare because there is only a small region inside asteroids where metallic and stony material can mix.

15． According to paragraph 1, what evidence leads astronomers to believe that all the planets formed at approximately the same time?

A．Samples of rocks from all the planets are the same age.

B．All the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction and in about the same plane.

C．All planets have the same igneous and metamorphic processes. D．The gravitational field of each planet is about the same strength.

正确答案：B 解析：【推断题】第3句说太阳系中所有的星球都以相同的方向、在同一平面的轨道围绕太阳转，这能够说明所有的星球是同时产生的。

16． The word “inevitable” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．continuous B．obvious C．certain D．easy

正确答案：C 解析：【词汇题】inevitable意为“不可避免的”。

17． Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a cause of constant change to Earth’s crust?

A．water

B．igneous processes

C．metamorphic processes D．meteorites

正确答案：D 解析：【否定事实信息题】原文第2句中的washed out对应A选项，B和C选项均在同一句。D选项恰恰是说明不能采用crust的原因，即meteorites不影响crust。

18． The word “classification” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．categorization B．grade C．layer D．hierarchy

正确答案：A 解析：【词汇题】classification意为“分类”。

19． Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about meteorites? A．Their composition can help determine the part of the larger body from which they broke off.

B．They are difficult to distinguish from rocks in Earth’s mantle.

C．Their collisions with Earth have become more frequent than in the past. D．They are older than the rest of the solar system.

正确答案：A 解析：【推断题】文中提到铁陨石是星体内部的碎片(3句后半段)，石陨石是外层的碎片(2句后半段)，所以陨石的成分能帮助区分它们是来自于星体的哪个层级。

20． According to paragraph 3, which of the following is a characteristic of asteroids?

A．They are the largest meteors.

B．They are made mostly of iron and other metals. C．They often collide with Earth. D．They are the oldest meteors.

正确答案：A 解析：【推断题】首句说流星大小不一，小到颗粒状，大到像小行星那样的叫做asteroid，所以它是最大的流星。

21． Which of the following is true about radioactive decay? A．Radioactive decay is only used to determine the age of rocks. B．Radioactive decay is the most accurate way for meteorites dating. C．Many meteorites were damaged by radioactive decay.

D．Radioactive decay was not as accurate as scientists expected.

正确答案：B 解析：【事实信息题】第2句提到the most definite ages…，所以答案选B。

22． The word “cluster” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．approach

B．spread C．group D．vary

正确答案：C 解析：【词汇题】cluster意为“群集”。

23． According to paragraph 4, why are scientists confident that the age of the oldest meteorites on the Moon is the age of the solar system?

A．Radioactive decay has been proven to be reliable.

B．The surface of the Moon is free from impacts caused by water.

C．No meteorites have been found that are younger than 4.6 billion years old. D．Meteorites on the Moon are the same age as those on other planets.

正确答案：B 解析：【事实信息题】末句中提到因为月球跟地球不一样，月球表面没有水，所以他们认为月球上最老的岩石的年龄跟太阳系一样大。

24． The word “enormous” in the passage is closest in meaning to A．expanding B．bright C．distant D．huge

正确答案：D 解析：【词汇题】enormous意为“巨大的”。

25． Why does the author refer to “inflating a balloon with small coins attached to its surface”?

A．To help explain how the universe can expand while the galaxies remain the same size

B．To imply that the universe must eventually stop expanding

C．To support the statement that most stars are found in disk-shaped galaxies D．To help explain how the universe began as a single point of dense matter

正确答案：A 解析：【修辞目的题】前文提到星系彼此远离，证明宇宙正在扩张，这并不是星系本身在扩张，而是它们之间的空间在扩张，作者把这个比作是在一个膨胀的气球表明黏上一些小硬币，所以作者举这个例子是为了说明宇宙在扩张，而星系本身的大小不变。

26． According to paragraph 6, how did astronomers learn that the universe is expanding?

A．By measuring the distance between galaxies

B．By observing the movement of stars within galaxies

C．By studying the wavelengths of light from distant galaxies D．By comparing the sizes of different galaxies

正确答案：C 解析：【事实信息题】第2句提到红移现象是指穿过星系之间的光波受到了牵引并发生变化。天文学家把红移与星系之间的距离进行比对后发现越远的星系后退越快，并偶然发现宇宙是在扩张中的。

27． Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Several varieties of meteorites have been observed.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

正确答案：B 解析：【句子插入题】插入句是概述句，指出有多种陨星，空后就开始介绍这些陨星的分类方式以及具体种类。

28． An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.There is strong evidence that all the planets of our solar system were formed from the same disk of matter at the same time.---Answer ChoicesA Determining the age of the planets by examining rocks on Earth is difficult because Earth’s crust is constantly changing. B Meteorites found on Earth and rocks from the Moon’s surface are the best evidence for estimating the age of the planets. C The expansion of the universe makes it possible to estimate its age by measuring the amount of the redshift of light coming from distant galaxies. D All three kinds of meteorites are similar in composition to Earth in that they have an inner core, a rocky mantle, and an outer crust. E Radiometric dating of meteorites recovered from the Moon shows that they are older than those that are found on Earth. F The redshift phenomenon measures the rate at which the stars in a galaxy are moving away from each other.

正确答案：A，B，C 解析：【文章总结题】本文主要讲了三种测定地球与宇宙年龄的方法。第一种是通过测算落在地球上的陨星的年龄，而不是测定地球上的岩石，因为地壳的构成在不断变化；第二种是通过测算月球上岩石的年龄；第三种是通过星系间光波的红移来测算。所以涉及测算方式的A、B、C三个选项正确，分别对应2段、3一4段、5-6段。F属于细节偏离主旨，DE与文章内容不一致。

Controversy about Causing EmotionP1: The fact that we react to certain

experiences with “emotion” is obvious. For example, the feeling of embarrassment, which triggers a physiological response that may cause blushing, is often caused by a foolish act committed in the company of friends. Although this description of an “embarrassment reaction” seems logical, there are different theories of emotion to explain what emotions are and how they operate. Giving definitive answers to these questions can be challenging, since emotions can be analyzed from many different perspectives. In one sense, emotions are sophisticated and subtle, the epitome of what make us human. In another sense, however, human emotions seem to be very similar to— if not the same as—the responses that other animals display.P2: “What Is an Emotion,” the title of one of the most influential journal articles in psychology, appeared in 1884 in reference to an article written by William James. In this article James defended what he considered to be a revolutionary thesis concerning the nature of emotion. He insisted that only when both physiological and physical reactions are generated by an incident does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. For example, when we come across a bear in the forest, our heart races, our knees tremble, and, because we are perceiving these physiological changes, we feel afraid. Just as James was first putting forth this proposition, Carl Lange, a Danish physiologist and psychologist, was independently formulating a virtually identical theory, and therefore these theories have traditionally been spoken of as the combined “James-Lange theory.” According to this theory, then, different patterns of arousal in the autonomic nervous system are elicited by the different emotions people feel, and that physiological arousal occurs prior to the emotion being perceived.P3: In 1927, another early theory, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, rose as a challenge to the James-Lange theory. It was actually a compilation of work from two different individuals, Water Cannon and Philip Bard. Their theory was that we simultaneously experience emotions and physiological reactions, and that physical changes caused by our many different emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another. The hypothesis further claimed that a similar chain of events takes place when any emotion is felt. Stimuli which trigger emotion are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which imparts the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, which generates the physiological state of arousal. In other words, the experience of emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, and there is no causal relationship between the two.P4: At the beginning of the 1960s, the experimental social psychologist Stanley Schachter was one of the first to propose a cognitive theory of emotion. While accepting several of the fundamental tenets of James-Lange theory, he thought that the early theories of emotion left out a critical component about the subjective cognitive interpretation of why a state of arousal has occurred. According to his view, two factors are required in order to elicit and differentiate emotion as feeling. At first, the person must perceive physiological arousal. Then, there must be active congnition about the interpretation of the situation in light of one’s past experiences. Thus, Schachter concluded that a true emotion can appear only if a person is both physically aroused and can perceive the reason for it. If a person detects a heightened level of sympathetic arousal that he

cannot attribute to an extraneous factor, he will then carefully scrutinize his physical and social environment and decide which emotion is appropriate. It is this final resulting emotion, then, that the person will feel. There have been several attempts to replicate the findings of this theory, but they have not been successful.P5: In the 1990s, Richard Lazarus proposed a theory of emotion that formally pointed out the significance of the cognitive aspect. He asserted that our emotions are determined by our appraisals of stimuli. This appraisal mediates between the stimulus and the emotional response, and it is immediate and often unconscious. This theory is most compatible with the subjective experience of an emotion’s sequence of events—the very sequence that William James reversed long ago. Emotion was understood to arise from how individuals conceived of or appraised their ongoing interactions with the world. This cognitive appraisal determines whether the person will have an emotional response, and if so, what type of response. From this appraisal, the individual then evaluates his coping resources and options that may be available, and all other aspects of the emotion arise. In brief, Lazarus contends that emotions are roused when cognitive appraisals of events or circumstances are positive or negative—but not neutral.P6: Emotion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human social behavior. Given its key function in adaptation, it is not surprising that emotion involves virtually all of an organism’s subsystems, which are synchronized during the emotional episode to muster all the resources of the organism in an effort at adaptation. Increasingly, research is directed towards the study of strong, real-life emotions rather than on the laboratory induction of relatively weak and non-specific emotional processes.P3: In 1927, another early theory, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, rose as a challenge to the James-Lange theory. It was actually a compilation of work from two different individuals, Water Cannon and Philip Bard. Their theory was that we simultaneously experience emotions and physiological reactions, and that physical changes caused by our many different emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another. ■ The hypothesis further claimed that a similar chain of events takes place when any emotion is felt. ■ Stimuli which trigger emotion are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which imparts the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, which generates the physiological state of arousal. ■ In other words, the experience of emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, and there is no causal relationship between the two. ■

29． The author mentions a foolish act committed in the company of friends in order to

A．give an idea that most people easily get embarrassed in a social environment B．show that most experiences activate a physiological reaction C．insist that an embarrassed reaction is usually unwarranted D．provide an example of an experience that generates emotion

正确答案：D

解析：【修辞目的题】本句是在举例说明前句内容，因此答案为D。

30． According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of what James believed about an emotional experience?

A．Emotions can be caused only when there is a specific response occurs in the body.

B．The sequence of events is not always the same for every emotional experience.

C．We are able to figure out the right sequence of events in an emotional experience through subjective experience.

D．Both a physical reaction and physiological arousal are triggered by the feeling of an emotion.

正确答案：A 解析：【事实信息题】第3句提到“He insisted that only when both physiological and physical reaction are generated by an incident，then does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion．”因此答案为A。

31． The word “formulated” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A．published B．developed C．revealed D．duplicated

正确答案：B 解析：【词汇题】formulated意为“形成”。

32． According to paragraph 3, Walter Cannon claimed that the James-Lange theory of emotion is not convincing for which of the following reasons?

A．The body can be affected by different emotions in similar ways.

B．It is often not easy for people to distinguish one emotion from another. C．It is not significant enough for bodily changes to be perceived.

D．It is often not obvious that bodily changes are caused by emotions or other factors.

正确答案：A 解析：【事实信息题】第3句提到“…physical changes caused by our many different emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another．”即不同情感也可产生类似生理变化，因此答案为A。

33． According to the Canon-Bard theory arguments in paragraph 3, which of the following is the direct cause of mental experience of emotion?

A．the cerebral cortex

B．emotion-rousing stimuli

C．aroused physiological state D．the sympathetic nervous system

正确答案：A 解析：【事实信息题】第5句提到“…the cerebral cortex，which imparts the conscious mental experience of the emotion…”，因此答案为A。

34． The word “component” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A．procedure B．explanation C．argument D．element

正确答案：D 解析：【词汇题】component意为“组成部分”。

35． According to paragraph 4, the Schachter-Singer theory is different from earlier theories of emotion in which of the following ways?

A．It suggests that there are several steps in an emotional experience.

B．It shows the reason that people do not understand why they are physiologically aroused.

C．It says that the first step of an emotional experience is physiological arousal. D．It explains that people must decide why they are aroused to experience emotion.

正确答案：D 解析：【事实信息题】第2句提到“While accepting several of the fundamental tenets of James-Lange theory，he thought that the eady theories of emotion left out a critical component…”，因此答案为D。

36． According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about an emotion suggested by Schachter-Singer theory?

A．It should be occurred just before a person physiologically aroused.

B．It happens regardless of the fact that people know the reason why they are aroused.

C．It has to be passed through a stimulation and clarification process, or people can’t experience it.

D．People can experience several emotions at once.

正确答案：C 解析：【推断题】第3句提到“According to his view,two factors are required．．．”，后文说明了两个因素的具体内容，因此答案为C。

37． The word “replicate” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A．interpret B．reproduce C．revise D．defend

正确答案：B 解析：【词汇题】replicate意为“复制”。

38． According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the Lazarus’ theory

A．Interpretation of experience is more emphasized than any other theory.

B．It indicates that a person first evaluate an event in order to have an emotion. C．It explains almost identical sequence of events to that of the subjective experience of an emotion.

D．The theory of emotion proposed by William James is generally similar to this theory.

正确答案：D 解析：【否定事实信息题】第4句后半段”…the very sequence that William James reversed long ago．”明确指出他的理论与James相反，因此选D。

39． The word “contends” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A．doubts B．argues C．proves D．reports

正确答案：B 解析：【词汇题】contends意为“争论”。

40． Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage? A．The author draws a comparison among different theories of emotion and claims that the last one is correct.

B．The author chronologically introduces theories of emotion and identifies criticisms of each theory.

C．The author verifies several theories of emotion and argues that each theory is not accurate enough.

D．The author develops his own theory summarizing different theories of an emotional experience.

正确答案：B 解析：【文章总结题】第2-5段根据时间分别讲一个理论，首尾开篇和总结，结构非常清晰，因此答案为B。

41． Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.The emotions of rage and fear, for instance, both include a rapid heartbeat, perspiration, and increased energy supplied to the muscles.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

正确答案：A 解析：【句子插入题】插入文本中提到for instance，是为举例部分，必定插入到理论部分之后。句中的rapid heartbeat，perspiration，and increased energy supplied to the muscles都对应A空前的physical changes，因此答案为A。

42． An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. TO review the passage, chjick on View Text.There has been a controversy among researchers about the sequence of events in an emotional experience.---Answer ChoicesA Cognitive appraisal probably does not play a large role in an emotional experience, evidenced by the very brief span of time between an event and an emotional reaction. B Two early theories of emotion both assert that different emotions result from distinct changes in the body that correspond to particular emotions. C There is a disagreement among researchers who emphasize the cognitive aspect of an emotion about whether cognitive interpretation comes before or after physiological arousal. D Theories in disagreement with each other about the sequence of events in emotional experience concentrate on the extent to which cognition and interpretation are involved in an emotional experience. E Some theories claim that physiological arousal comes either before or at the same time as the feeling of an emotion, and contradict the subjective experience of emotion.F The Lazarus theory emphasized that an emotion comes from a positive or negative appraisal of a physiological arousal.

正确答案：C，D，E 解析：【文章总结题】文章主要涉及关于情绪产生的一些理论，C、D、E围绕主旨展开，概括了三种不同的理论。而B、F与文章信息矛盾，A文中未提及，均不可选。