第2讲 句子成分

第二章 句子成分

按句子的结构可分三种：

1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语:e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

这种学习方式能逐步提高自己理解长难句的能力。

1. Jordan was also in the United States Olympic Basketball Team, known as “the Dream Team”, which won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② Jordan was also … Team是主句；

③ known as “the Dream Team”是动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰the United States Olympic Basketball Team； ④ which引导非性定语从句，补充说明the United States Olympic Basketball Team，且在从句中作________语。

【句意】乔丹也是被称为“梦之队”的美国奥林匹克篮球队的成员，这支球队在1992年西班牙巴塞罗那奥运会上夺取了金牌。

【仿写】格林一家决定在位于美国东部的被称为“大苹果”的纽约城定居。 _______________________________________________________

2. They have fantastic stories to tell about Michael Jordan, such as the time when he rescued the Bulls from ending a game on a tie. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句。They have ... time是主句；when引导定语从句，先行词是________；

② to tell about Michael Jordan是动词不定式短语，修饰________。such as引出fantastic stories的同位语； ③ rescue ... from ... 意为“把……从……中救出来”。 【句意】他们可以讲述很多关于迈克尔·乔丹的传奇故事，例如一次他在比赛的关键时刻拯救了公牛队，从而避免打成平局等等。

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【仿写】球迷们可以讲述很多关于科比的传奇故事，例如一次他在一场比赛中得了81分。_______________________________________________________

3. At one point, Chamberlain was so much better than all the other players that they changed the rules of the game to try to stop him! 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 本句使用了so ... that句型，that引导结果状语从句； ③ to try to stop him是不定式短语作________语。

【句意】曾几何时，张伯伦比其他所有运动员优秀很多，以至于他们改变了比赛规则，试图他。 【仿写】根据研究，恐龙比其它动物们大很多，以至于它们为了生存，每天不得不吃大量食物。 _______________________________________________________

4. But there is no doubt that he deserves the title “outstanding player of his generation”. 【分析】

① 这是一个________句；

② 该句使用了句型there is no doubt that ...，that引导的是________从句，说明doubt的具体内容。 【句意】但是毫无疑问，他无愧于“一代杰出球员”这一称号。 【仿写】毫无疑问，如果我向他求助，他就会给我提供帮助。 _______________________________________________________ 参

1.【分析】主【仿写】The Greens decided to settle in New York City, known as “the big apple”, which is situated in the eastern United States.

2.【分析】time；stories 【仿写】Fans have many fantastic stories to tell about Kobe, such as the time when he scored 81 points in a game.

3.【分析】目的状语【仿写】According to the study, dinosaurs were so much bigger than other animals that they had to eat plenty of food every day to survive. 4.【分析】主从复合；同位语 【仿写】There is no doubt that he will give me a hand if I ask him for help.

5. It seems strange to think that in a few days’ time I’ll be walking out of the school gates forever. 【分析】

① 本句是简单句。句子结构为“主（It） + 系（seems） + 表（strange）”结构。其中，________是形式主语，不定式to think ...作真正的主语； ② that引导的从句作think的________；

③ 在that从句中，in a few days’ time是________状语。

【句意】想想过几天我就要永远走出校门了，似乎有一种别样的感觉。 【仿写】记住这条规则很重要。

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6. Something else I’ve greatly enjoyed is working as a peer mediator, someone who helps students to settle problems that they have with other students. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 主句是“主语（Something else）+系动词（is）+表语（working as a peer mediator）”结构； ③ I’ve greatly enjoyed是定语从句，修饰先行词Something else； ④ someone作a peer mediator的同位语，who helps students to settle ... students是定语从句，修饰先行词someone； ⑤ 在who引导的定语从句中又含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词________。

【句意】另外一件我非常乐意做的事情是做同伴调解人，就是帮助学生们解决同学之间的问题。 【仿写】我非常着迷的一件事是晚饭后散步，一项有助于我减肥的运动。

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7. I’ve been skiing quite a few times, but never with the school, and since two good friends came on the trip, we had great fun racing each other down the ski slopes.

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【分析】

① 本句由but和and连接的并列分句构成；

② but表示转折关系。never with the school为I’ve never been with the school的省略形式； ③ 在and后的分句中，主句为we had ... the ski slopes，其中含有“have fun doing sth.”结构，意为“________”。since引导________从句。

【仿写】上周末我和他们非常开心地玩纸牌。 ___________________________________

8. It’s well-known that Americans are competitive, and I did enjoy it whenever I won our races! 【分析】

① 这是一个由and连接的并列复合句；

② and前的分句使用了It’s well-known that ...结构，其中It是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语； ③ 在and后的分句中，did表示强调，whenever引导________从句。

【句意】众所周知，美国人争强好胜。不管什么时候只要我赢得了比赛，我都会为此欣喜万分！ 【仿写】众所周知，马克·吐温是一位杰出的作家。不管什么时候只要我读他的小说，我都能学到一些有趣的东西。 _______________________________________________________________________________

9. I really enjoyed meeting the teachers and telling them how we, the students, feel about things, and what we think should happen in the school! 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 在主句中，由and（第一个）连接的meeting the teachers和telling them ... 并列作enjoy的宾语； ③ and（第二个）连接how和what引导的宾语从句，并列作________的直接宾语； ④ the students作we的同位语。

【句意】我确实喜欢和老师们碰面，告诉他们我们学生有什么想法，我们认为学校里应该有些什么变化。 【仿写】我确实喜欢和父母聊天，告诉他们我有什么想法，我认为家里应该有些什么规矩。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. It’s a great pity that it’s probably the last time this will happen. 【分析】

① 这是一个主从复合句；

② It’s a great pity that ... 意为“很遗憾……”，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句； ③ this will happen是定语从句，修饰the last time。 【句意】真遗憾，这样美妙的夜晚很可能不会再有了。 【仿写1】真遗憾你没去参加那场舞会。 【仿写2】这是你通常起床的时间。 参

1.【分析】It；宾语；时间【仿写】It is important to remember this rule.

2.【分析】problems【仿写】One thing I am very crazy about is walking after supper, an exercise which helps me to lose weight. 3.【分析】做……很开心；原因状语【仿写】I had great fun playing cards with them last weekend.

4.【分析】时间状语【仿写】It is well-known that Mark Twin was an outstanding writer, and I did learn something interesting whenever I read his novels.

5.【分析】telling【仿写】I really enjoyed talking with my parents and telling them how I feel about things, and what rules I think should be followed at our home! 6.【仿写1】It’s a great pity that you didn’t attend the prom.【仿写2】This is the time you usually get up.

11. The bowls never needed washing, as the boys cleaned them with their spoons, trying to eat every bit of soup. 【分析】

① 这是一个主从复合句；

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② 主句是The bowls never needed washing，其中的washing用主动形式表达被动含义； ③ as引导的是________从句；

④ trying to eat every bit of soup是动词-ing形式作________状语。

【句意】粥碗从来用不着洗，孩子们非用汤匙把碗刮得重又民光铮亮了才住手，试图吃掉每一点粥。 【仿写】有五个多月没下雨了，因此这些花需要浇水。 __________________________________________

12. When they had cleaned their bowls in this way, they would sit staring at the pot with eager eyes, as if they wanted to eat it. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② When they had cleaned their bowls in this way为when引导的时间状语从句。in this way在从句中作方式状语； ③ staring at the pot为动词-ing形式短语作________状语； ④ as if they wanted to eat it为as if引导的方式状语从句。

【句意】他们这样把碗刮干净后，就坐在那儿，眼巴巴地瞅着汤锅，似乎要把它也吞进肚子。 【仿写】老人坐在那里，一言不发，好像陷入了深思。 __________________________________________

13. There was one boy who was tall for his age, and was not used to being hungry all the time, as his father had kept a small cook shop. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句； ② 主句为There was one boy； ③ who引导性定语从句，修饰先行词 one boy。在从句中，and连接was tall for his age 和was not used to being hungry all the time。be used to (doing) sth. 意为“习惯于（做）某事”； ④ as his father had kept a small cook shop 为as引导的________从句。

【句意】其中有个男孩子，个子较同龄人高，而且不习惯总这么挨饿，因为他父亲开过一家小饭铺。

14. Oliver, who was desperate with hunger and misery, rose from the table and walked towards the master with his bowl and spoon in his hand. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 主句是“主语（Oliver）+谓语（rose和walked）”结构；

③ who引导非性定语从句，补充说明先行词________，且在从句中作主语； ④ with his bowl and spoon in his hand是“with +宾语（his bowl and spoon）+宾补（in his hand）”结构作伴随状语。 【句意】奥利弗已经被饥饿与苦难逼得什么都顾不上了，他从桌边站起来，手里拿着碗和汤匙，朝管理员走去。 【仿写】汤姆对第二天将要举行的考试感到紧张，他手里拿着一本书，在房间里走来走去。 ______________________________________________________________________________

15. The next morning a notice was put up on the door of the workhouse, offering a reward to anybody who would employ Oliver Twist. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 主句的主干是a notice was put up；The next morning作时间状语；on the door of the workhouse作地点状语； ③ offering … Oliver Twist为动词-ing形式短语作定语，修饰________；其中，who引导定语从句，修饰先行词anybody。

【句意】第二天早晨，济贫院大门上贴出了一张告示，向愿意雇佣奥利弗·特威斯特的人提供奖赏。 【仿写】上周，这个公司的网站上公布了一则通知，向愿意当志愿者的人提供奖励。

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1.【分析】原因状语；伴随【仿写】It hasn’t rained for more than five months. As a result, the flowers need watering. 2.【分析】伴随 【仿写】The old man sat there saying nothing, as if he was lost in thought. 3.【分析】原因状语

4.【分析】Oliver【仿写】Tom, who was nervous at the exam to be held the next day, walked up and down in the room with a book in his hand. 5.【分析】notice【仿写】Last week, a notice was placed on the website of the company, offering a high reward to anybody who wanted to be volunteers.

16. The DJs at block parties in the 1970s played a lot of soul music and they noticed that people preferred the percussion breaks in the songs because they were the best parts to dance to. 【分析】

① 本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句；

② and前的分句是“主语（The DJs）+谓语（played）+宾语（soul music）”结构，介词短语at block parties及in the 1970s作定语，修饰________； ③ and后的分句中，that引导的从句作noticed的宾语，该宾语从句中又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。 【句意】20世纪70年代街区舞会上音乐主持人（DJ）播放很多灵乐。他们注意到大家更喜欢乐曲中的打击乐，因为打击乐非常适合跳舞。

【仿写】如今，在闲暇时间去远足很流行。我注意到许多人喜欢周末去爬山，因为这是一种不错的放松方式。 _____________________________________________________________________________

17. DJ Herc, one of the most popular Jamaican DJs at the time, noticed that New York audiences didn’t

really like reggae music, so he started playing other kinds of music, including rock and disco music. 【分析】

① 本句是一个由so连接的并列复合句；

② so 前面的分句为“主语（DJ Herc） + 谓语（noticed） + ________从句（that New York audiences ... reggae music）”结构。one of the most popular Jamaican DJs at the time作DJ Herc的同位语；

③ so后面的分句为“主语（he） + 谓语（started） + 宾语（playing other kinds of music）”结构。including 意为“包括……”，表示部分同位关系，即用来举例。

【句意】埃尔克是当时最受欢迎的牙买加音乐主持人之一，他注意到纽约观众并不真正喜欢雷盖音乐，于是他就开始播放其他种类的音乐，包括摇滚乐和迪斯科。 【仿写】所有的人，包括我在内，听完这个笑话后都笑了。

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18. Later, they experimented with different vocal and rhythmic approaches, using rhyming words, often words from African-American culture. 【分析】

① 本句是一个简单句； ② 句子的主干是：主语（they）+谓语（experimented with）+宾语（different vocal and rhythmic approaches）； ③ using rhyming words是动词-ing形式短语作状语。words from African-American culture是rhyming words的________语。

【句意】后来，他们尝试用不同的发声和奏乐方法，使用的押韵词汇经常来自美籍非洲人的文化。 【仿写】你能用我们刚学的五个新单词编一个故事吗？

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19. The first time that rap artists recorded their music, musicians recorded the backing tracks (the music without the singing) in the studio and the rappers added their vocals later. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句；

② 主句由and连接的并列分句musicians recorded the backing tracks ... studio和the rappers added their vocals later构成；

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③ The first time that引导________从句。

【句意】说唱艺术家初次录制音乐时，演奏师先在录音室里录制背景音乐（一种不加歌声的音乐），说唱歌手过后再加进歌声。

【仿写】我第一次听周杰伦的歌时，我就被他的歌声深深地打动，成了他的粉丝。

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20. In England, a new music form emerged, called trip hop, a mixture of jazz, hip hop and electronic music (forexample, music played on computers.) 【分析】

① 这是一个________句；

② 其主要结构是：主语（a new music form）+谓语（________）；

③ called trip hop是过去分词短语作________语，修饰a new music form； ④ a mixture of jazz, hip hop and electronic music是trip hop的________语。

【句意】在英国，一种被称为迷幻舞曲的新音乐形式出现了，它融合了爵士乐、嘻蹦乐和电子音乐（例如电脑上播放的音乐）。

【仿写】在美国，一种被称为篮球的新运动诞生了。

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1. 【分析】②The DJs【仿写】Going hiking in spare time is very popular nowadays and I notice that many people prefer to climb mountains on weekends because it is a good way to relax.

2.【分析】并列复合；宾语【仿写】Everyone laughed after hearing the joke, including me. 3.【分析】同位【仿写】Can you make up a story using the five new words we’ve just learnt?

4.【分析】③时间状语【仿写】The first time that I heard Jay Chou’s song, I was deeply moved by his singing and I became his fan. 5.【分析】简单；emerged；定 ；同位【仿写】In America, a new sport emerged, called basketball.

21. The old town is on the side of a mountain and opposite it is the 5,500 meter Yulong Xueshan Mountain, its peak covered with snow. 【分析】

① 本句是一个由and连接的并列句。

② and前的分句是“主语（The old town）+系动词（is）+表语（________）”结构。

③ and后的分句是因介词短语提前引起的倒装句，正常语序为：the 5,500 meter Yulong Xueshan Mountain is opposite it。 ④ its peak covered with snow是主格结构。

【句意】古城依山而建，对面是海拔5500米的玉龙雪山，峰顶被积雪覆盖。

【仿写】这座寺庙建在河边，它的对面是一座100米高的塔，塔的顶部被一些铃铛环绕。 ______________________________________________________________________________

22. This region is where the Naxi ethnic group live and I’ve spent several afternoons sitting in a café in the old town square, just watching people. 【分析】

① 本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。and前的分句为“主语（This region）+系动词（is）+表语（where the Naxi ethnic group live）”结构，where在从句中作________状语；and后的分句中，just watching people为动词-ing形式短语作_________状语。

② spend ... (in) doing sth. 意为“花费……做某事”。

【句意】这里是纳西族聚居区。一连几个下午，我坐在旧城广场的咖啡馆里，注视着来往的行人。 【仿写】我花了整整一个星期浏览马克·吐温的作品，试图了解他的写作风格。

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23. Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries, and among the richer Naxi people, knowledge of this music showed that you were a real gentleman.

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【分析】

① 这是一个由and连接的_______句。

② 在and前面的分句中，Passed from father to son是过去分词短语作_______语。 ③ 在and后面的分句中，among the richer Naxi people是介词短语作_______语；that引导的是_______从句。 【句意】纳西音乐世代相传，虽历经八个世纪仍保持原来的音韵。过去在纳西的富人当中，懂音乐才称得上真正的君子。

【仿写】男孩被那个故事感动了，决心更加努力学习。

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24. It took place in an old wooden hall, and was played by Naxi men, some of whom looked as if they were well over 100 years old! 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句。

② 主句中took place和was played并列作谓语。 ③ some of whom ... old是非性定语从句，补充说明________，该定语从句中又包含一个as if引导的表语从句。 【句意】它（演出）在木头搭建的大厅里举行，由纳西男子表演，有些老人看起来足有一百多岁了！ 【仿写】舞蹈表演在体育场举行，由大约10岁的女孩子们表演，有些女孩看起来像天使一样。 _____________________________________________________________________________

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1.【分析】②on the side of a mountain【仿写】The temple is beside the river and opposite it is a 100-meter-high tower, its top surrounded with some bells. 2.【分析】① 地点；伴随【仿写】I’ve spent a whole week looking through Mark Twain’s works, trying to understand his style of writing. 3.【分析】① 并列复合 ② 原因状 ③ 状；宾语【仿写】Moved by the story, the boy decided to study harder.

4.【分析】③ Naxi men【仿写】The dance performance took place in the stadium, and was played by girls of nearly 10 years old, some of whom looked as if they were angels.

25. Ashes were found alongside the fossils which showed they used fire for cooking food and also for light, warmth and protection from wild beasts. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合句。

② 主句是“主语（Ashes）+谓语（were found）”结构，alongside the fossils是地点状语。

③ which引导性定语从句，修饰________，且在从句中作主语；该定语从句中又包含一个省略了that的宾语从句，作showed的宾语。

【句意】跟化石一起被发现的灰烬表明他们用火来做饭、照明、取暖和抵御野兽。 【仿写】上周所做的调查显示大多数中学生喜欢说唱音乐。

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26. Unfortunately, when Japan invaded China in 1937, excavations at the Beijing Man Site stopped and most of the fossils disappeared, including a Beijing Man skull. 【分析】

① 本句是一个主从复合 句。

② 主句中and连接两个并列分句excavations at the Beijing Man Site stopped和most of the fossils disappeared；when引导________从句。

【句意】不幸的是，1937年日本侵华时，北京人遗址的挖掘工作被迫停止，大多数化石不翼而飞，其中包括一个北京人头盖骨。

【仿写】不幸的是，当保罗从战场上回来的时候，家乡成了废墟，他的家人在战争中丧生。 _______________________________________________________________________________

27. It has not only given us important information about prehistoric Asian societies, but also has provided amazing evidence about the process of evolution.

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【分析】

① 这是一个________句。 ② 句子的主要结构是：主语（It）+谓语（has given 和has provided）+宾语（us important information和amazing evidence）。两个about短语都作________，修饰各自前面的名词。 ③ not only ... but also连接两个________。

【句意】它不仅为我们提供了史前亚洲社会的重要信息，而且为我们提供了人类进化历程惊人的证据。

28. The site is extremely expensive to maintain and it will cost between three and five million yuan to repair it. 【分析】

① 本句是一个由and连接的并列句。

② and前面的分句为“主语+ be + adj. +动词不定式”结构，其中，动词不定式通常用________形式表示被动意义；and后的分句中，it作形式主语，________为真正的主语。

【句意】维护遗址需要高额的费用，修复费用在三百万到五百万元之间。 【仿写】租这所房子会花费我五千到八千元。

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1.【分析】Ashes【仿写】Surveys were done last week which showed most of the middle school students are fond of rap music.

2.【分析】时间状语【仿写】Unfortunately, when Paul returned from the war, his hometown was ruined and his family members died in the war. 3.【分析】① 简单 ② 定语 ③ 并列谓语

4.【分析】主动；to repair it【仿写】It will cost me between five and eight thousand yuan to rent the house.

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