112第二部分 句子 第二讲 句子成分

第二讲 句子成分

一．主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。表示发出动作的人或物，也可以是被描述的对象。可用以下充当：

1．名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。

He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑 3．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。

4．名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。

5．副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6．名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。

7．不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。 8． 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。

Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。 9． 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：

The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。

10. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。

From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 11.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to. 不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。 12.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。 指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

二．谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb)，由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成，表示动作；由系表结构构成的谓语表示主语的状态。 1．由简单的动词构成。

(1). What happened? 发生了什么事？

(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。（） (3). The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2．由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). I am reading. 我在看书。 （系表结构表示状态）

(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？（时态结构） (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。（情态动词表示语气） （4）Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（动词由不及物动词和介词构成）

3．英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：

(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。

（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）

三．表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1．The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） 2．So that’s that. 就是这样。（代词） 3．We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） 4．Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） 5．Are you there? 你在听吗电话用语）（副词） Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） 6．All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式）

My answer to his threat（威胁）was to hit him on the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式） 7．Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词） Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词） 8．I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分） I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分） 9．She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语）

The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语） 10．Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） 11．This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） 补充： 能做系动词的实义动词：

come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)

fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如：

1．Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。

Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3．The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等）

4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

四．宾语

宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。

可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1．Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2．They won’t hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3．If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4．I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5．He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词）

6．Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式）

7．He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). 他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词） 8．Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句） 扩展：

宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通

常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 挑出下列句中的宾语 ①󰀀 My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who \"Father Christmas\" really is. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ① My father bought a new bike for me last week. ② Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ③ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

五．补语

补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）. (1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。

有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。

(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作并与补语） 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.

我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐（名词短语作宾语补语） 3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语） 3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补） 4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语） 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名作宾补 6.Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ②He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

六．定语

定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1．形容词用作定语是大量的。

（1）. She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。

（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语） 2. 名词用作定语。

（1）. A baby girl 女婴 （2）. well water 井水 (3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车

2．代词作定语。

（1）. Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。（物主代词用作定语）

（2）. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人负责就是无人负责。（不定代词所有格作定语） 3．数词作定语

（1）. There’s only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。

（2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副词充当定语时常后置，如：

the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5．不定式用作定语

（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。 （2）. That’s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。 6．动名词用作定语.

A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 7．分词充当定语

a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一个退休工人 7．介词短语用作定语。

（1）. This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。

（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。 8．从句用作定语，即定语从句

The car that’s parked outside is mine. 停在外面的车是我的。

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你的汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。 挑出下列句中的定语

①They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ④ What is your given name?

③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

七．同位语

当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语 1．名词用作同位语是大量的。

（1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。

（2）We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。 2．代词用作同位语。 （1）。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 （2）。Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。 3．数词用作同位语。 （1）。Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？ （2）。They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。 4．不定式与动名词用作同位语。 （1）。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.

他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。

（2）。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。 5．Of 短语用作同位语

The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好

6．从句用同位语，即同位语从句 （1）。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。 （2）。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主

意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。

例如： He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time.

I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late.

注意： that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句，其区别在于：同位语从句由连接词that引导，

连接词that本身无意义，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略，由when, why, where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于： 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用，没有指代作用； 定语从句由关系副词引导，关系副词具有指代先行词的作用，常用一个介词加关系代词替换。

例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. （同位语从句, when为连接词）

That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. （定语从句，which/that为关系副词） This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. （同位语从句, where为连接词）

This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. （定语从句，where为关系副词）

八．状语

状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（ in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.如：

1．The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。

2．可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句。 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。

He speaks the language badly but read it well. 这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。

3．状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 （1）。时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world. (2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。

There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月台). (3）。原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.

(5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。

He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。 In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

We’ll be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didn’t know me.

(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何？ (9）。伴随状语，常由短语和主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.

表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

九、成分：

有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子成分(注意：区别于分词结构)。 感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。

插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.

情态词：表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:

perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。

十、分词结构：

分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词结构。例： 错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.

正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略. 如：

Game (being) over,he went home.

He stands there,book (being) in hand. 结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如： With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）

十一：宾语补足语

英语中的宾语补足语是用来补充说明及物动词的宾语的次要成分，它与其前的宾语一起构成句子的复合宾语。

一、宾语+宾语补足语的形式 第一类：

1. 名词（代词）+动词不定式

① She wanted me to give her some money. 她想让我给她点钱。

② Tom made Bill stay for tea. 汤姆留比尔喝茶。 2. 名词（代词）+现在分词

① I found the old man lying dead on the road. 我发现那位老头躺在路上死了。 ② When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by a kind old woman.

他醒来时，发现一位慈祥的老妇人在照顾他。

3. 名词（代词）+过去分词

① We saw the road covered with snow. 我们看见路上覆盖着雪。

② Many towns and villages had their water supply cut off because there was no electricity.

因为没电，所以许多城镇和村庄都断了水。

第二类：

1. 名词（代词）+形容词

① I found the boy very clever. 我发现那男孩很聪明。 ② He pushed the door open. 他把门推开。 2. 名词（代词）+名词

① We called it Mimi. 我们叫它咪咪。② They named the baby Beibei. 他们给这个婴儿起名为“贝贝”。 3. 名词（代词）+介词短语

① She always keeps everything in good order. 她总是把一切东西都放得整整齐齐。 ② This left them without a ray of hope. 这使他们失去了一切希望。 ４. 名词（代词）+副词

① He found his teacher out when he called on him. 他去拜访他的老师时，发现老师不在家。 ② I won't let you in. 我是不会让你进去的。

二、宾语补足语与宾语之间的逻辑关系

1. 从第一类句子中的动词不定式和分词作宾语补足语来看，在逻辑上它们与其前的宾语具有主谓关系，其中现在分词表示动作的进行状态；过去分词表示动作的被动或完成状态；不定式则含有将来的行为。 2. 从第二类句子中的名词、形容词、副词和介词短语作宾语补足语来看，在逻辑上它们与其前的宾语形成了主表关系,它们用来表示宾语的身份、特征、状态等。

三、宾语补足语的位置及其它

1. 英语有一个尾重的原则。按照这个原则，应把长而复杂的句子成分放在句尾，而把较短的成分放在它的前面，因此之故，我们常常见到宾语补足语放在直接宾语前面的情况。例如：

① The two thieves forced open Room 102, cut through the chain and pushed the table to one side.

那两个贼撞开了102房间的门，砸断了链条，把桌子推到一边。

② He has proved wrong the forecasts made by the country's lending economic experts.

他已经证明该国主要经济的预言是错误的。

2. 形容词是作宾语补足语还是作状语

在初中英语教科书第三册上有下面两个句子：① Don't fill her pan too full! ② Hold it straight!

有的老师和学生问上述句中的full和straight是作宾语补足语，还是作状语？还有人说：“应把full和straight改为副词fully和straightly才对。”

笔者认为：full和straight都是在句中用作宾语补足语，而不是用作状语的，故不能改为副词fully和straightly。因为宾语补足语与状语的区别在于：前者是宾语最后的状况（句①平底锅装得满满的，句②把它握得直直的）；而后者则是说，“如何装平底锅?怎么把它握直?”再如：

① I saw the window open. 我看见窗户是开着的。② Hold the ladder steady! 把梯子扶稳！

一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 20. The apples tasted sweet.

一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语