英语写作策略

本专题首先阐述了中学阶段对学生英语写作技能的要求、英语写作训练原则和训练方法。然后介绍了十四种英语写作策略，它们是审题策略、构思策略、写作提纲策略、段落写作策略、段落展开策略、衔接过渡策略、开篇策略、结尾策略、记叙文写作策略、描写文写作策略、说明文写作策略、议论文写作策略、应用文写作策略、文章修改策略。最后探讨了可以以小组或班级的形式对学生进行英语写作学习策略指导的几种方案。 2. 英语写作策略

[1]审题策略 [2]构思策略 [3]写作提纲策略 [4]段落写作策略 [5]段落展开策略 [6]衔接过渡策略 [7]开篇策略 [8]结尾策略 [9]记叙文写作策略 [10]描写文写作策略 [11]说明文写作策略 [12]议论文写作策略 [13]应用文写作策略 [14]文章修改策略 1) 审题策略

中学英语写作大多为命题作文，或有提示要点或提供图示，这就无需自己选题。学生要根据提示来组织文章，根据图示或者所给题目构思文章。所以，审题是写作的前提，它是决定写作成败的关键一环。学生必须根据题目及要求确定文章体裁、格式、长度，认真通读所给提示和要求，弄清题目揭示的内容、时间、人物、环境、事件，对所提供的内容进行分析、综合，准确把握材料的精神实质和写作要求，避免出现文不对题的现象。 实例：如下面的提示作文：

假设你叫李华，下星期六是你的生日。你准备在家开一个生日晚会，并邀请部分同学和朋友参加。晚会7:30开始。你家住在南京路70号，乘1路或34路公共汽车在人民路站下车。你家就在车站的对面。房子是红色的，门是白色的，很容易找到。请根据所给信息，给你的好友林莉写一封不少于50个词的信。

要点：1. 邀请她参加晚会； 2. 晚会的时间和地点； 3. 你的地址； 4. 如何到达； 5. 你很希望她来。

审题时要注意，这是一篇私人书信；要用第一人称；信中要写出写信的原由――邀请好友林莉参加生日晚会；要写出晚会的时间、地点、家庭地址和乘车方式；要表示邀请的愿望；文章长度在50词以上。 2) 构思策略

在仔细审题，明确要求后，便可根据所列要求进行写作。要写出布局清晰、内容充实、结构合理的文章，需要作者一番精心的构思准备。所以，作者不能匆忙提笔、草草收尾。构思也就是预想文章内容、谋划主题展开技巧、设想收笔方式。万事开头难，学生写作，尤其是自由命题作文，都有这样的经历，拿到题目后，脑中一片空白，没有东西可写。一般来说，构思写作内容的方法有以下几种： (1)自由写作

当作者拿到题目后，大脑就开始围绕题目思考，并把头脑中所有闪现的念头都记录下来。不管语法、拼写、标点的正误，不管前后的联系，不管逻辑是否合理，不管情节是否荒谬，任凭思绪随着联想拓展。自由写作是克服思路滞塞的一个好方法。十至十五分钟后，当找到写作的感觉、进入写作状态后，再回过头来

看一看刚刚写过的内容，选择自己最熟悉、能够说明主题的两三点内容，放弃其它。这时要把要写的内容理清思路，列成若干条，并选好适当的词、词组、句型，确定时态，准备开始写作。

实例：以“If we don't save water，the last drop of water will be our tear. ”为题写一篇不少于80词的短文。 可以这样打开思路。

can't 1ive without water; waste water treatment;

pour dirty water into rivers or lakes, and po11ute them; waste a lot of water;

must protect the water; drinkable water less and less; less rain; drought; more population; pour living waste into rivers; wash cars;

industry needs more water; farming needs more water; the case of Songhua River being polluted; gardening; fish dying…

感觉自己已经写完有关想法后，回过头读一下所写的东西，根据题目和80词的要求，我们可以选择自己熟悉的以下几点：a) We cannot live without water. b) Drinkable water becomes less and less. c) People pour waste water into rivers or lakes. We must protect the water. 至于其它几点有些我们不熟悉（如The development of industry demands more water.），有些太琐碎(如car washing, gardening)，有些离题较远（如fish dying），有些需要过长的篇幅（如the case of Songhua River being polluted），我们可以舍去。 (2)画脑图

人的大脑有千亿个左右活跃的脑神经细胞，每个细胞都有中心和许多分支，每一分支又有许多连接点。每个脑细胞与几万到几十万脑细胞连接。它们来回不断地传送着信息。大脑通过充分利用联系来存储信息，它有一个联系皮层，联系皮层按照不同的记忆库将相似的信息连接起来。脑图构思就是以脑神经存储信息的形式来组织思路，它符合大脑的工作形式，能激发作者充分的联想。绘脑图时往往从纸的中心开始，把主题写在一个圆圈里，然后从这个圆圈勾勒出几个放射形分支作为主要的分论点，分论点又可以有更多的论据细节。这样一层层展开，可以不断充实文章内容。

实例：以“The Spring Festival”为题写一篇短文，介绍中国的春节。

画出脑图后，思路就打开了。写春节就要交待时间、习俗和主要活动。春节是中国农历第一天，而最热闹的除夕是在其前夜。春节是家庭团圆的日子，始于腊月二十三日，结束于正月初一。除夕全家要在一起吃饺子、放鞭炮、看电视。新年期间要拜访和接待亲戚、朋友。这些都是春节这一主题的重要内容。其它内容可以根据需要和篇幅要求取舍，如写给外国人的可以与圣诞节联系，着重习俗的可以写压岁钱、耍龙灯、舞狮等。 (3)问答构思

对写作任务进行提问可以开拓和理清思路。通过问答的方式使作者清楚读者想知道什么内容，什么内容能说明主题，怎样编排文章素材。 实例：写一封邀请信前可以这样提问： Why are you writing this letter? What are you going to do? When are you going to …?

Are you inviting the reader to the …?

What is your plan for the …?

Where are you going to have the …?

What other details do you want the reader to know? Do you want the reader to reply to your invitation? Is there anything you want to repeat/emphasize? 以上的提问预想出写信的目的，勾勒出了邀请信的开篇段、主要文段和结尾段。这时可以给每一问题以简短的回答，文章就有了内容。 (4)内容分栏

动笔前可以用内容分栏的形式归纳思路，选择素材。如写题目为“Living in the city”的短文，可以将生活在城市的优势和劣势分别写在左右栏中，根据自己想到的内容决定如何写、写哪方面内容和文章的立场。然后再将要写的内容细化，如“colourful life (in the city)”还可以细化为“many sport events”、“many cinemas and theaters”、“exhibitions and shows”、 “beautiful parks”等。

(5) 讨论主题

当拿到文章题目却脑中缺少材料、捋不清头绪时，与同学讨论这一主题也是构思策略之一。讨论可以启发思路、活跃思维、深化认识。通过讨论可以借鉴别人的看法，加深对题目的认识和理解，丰富自己的素材，拓宽自己的视野，梳理自己的思路，修正自己的观点，确定可写的内容。心理学认为，讨论是促进思考和领悟最有效的途径。所以，当写作出现不知如何写起时，可以采用讨论的方式帮助构思。 以上的提问预想出写信的目的，勾勒出了邀请信的开篇段、主要文段和结尾段。这时可以给每一问题以简短的回答，文章就有了内容。

3) 写作提纲策略

写作时应首先拟一个写作提纲。拟订提纲就是根据文章主题及要求把构思好的题材按一定的模式组成层次清楚、合乎逻辑、前后连贯的框架。写提纲有助于进一步把握主题、合理取舍和安排素材，避免下笔时无章可循、离题万里。

拟订提纲要考虑段落的中心思想、发展方法、过渡衔接和句型等。要对构思的材料进行取舍，对素材的重要性进行排列，整理归纳出文章的框架。写作提纲分段落提纲和细节提纲。段落提纲是将每一段落概括为一个句子，列成提纲；细节提纲将说明或扩展主题句的详细条目以词组或句子的形式列在提纲上。中学阶段英语写作时可以列文字提纲或腹稿提纲。在写作练习时，一般列文字提纲，这对提高英文写作的把握能力

和增强文体格式的意识有很大的益处。在考试时，由于受时间的，最好打腹稿提纲，这样不但避免了答题时无从下笔或离题万里，也节省了时间。 实例：我们可以看看以Animal Body Language为题所列的提纲。

ANIMAL BODY LANGUAGE

1. Human beings are not the only ones who communicate.

Animals use body language and facial expressions. ▪ They can tell each other how they feel and what they

think.

▪

2. Dogs use facial expressions, sounds, body movements and their tails to communicate.

When a dog is happy, its ears will stand up and its eyes will be wide open. ▪ A dog that is afraid will lay its ears back and close

its eyes.

▪ When a dog is angry, it will stare at you, show its

teeth and snarl.

▪

3. Elephant use noise and body language to express themselves.

An elephant can smell how another elephant is feeling.

▪ The elephant’s nose is used to make noises and to

greet other elephants.

▪ If an elephant spreads its ears, it means “Watch

out!”

▪

4. Dolphins are social animals.

They live in groups.

▪ An angry dolphin will sometimes slap its tail on

the surface of the water.

▪ A dolphin jumps high out of the water to show how

strong it is.

▪ A dolphin makes small jumps to show its happiness.

▪

以上是细节提纲。当只保留每段概括句而去掉详细条目后，就是段落提纲。

4) 段落写作策略

文章中相对的一部分就是段落。每个段落应该有而且只能有一个中心思想；段落中的句和句之间都围绕着这个中心意思有机地联系着，不能有一句跳出段意或与段意相反。段落组成篇章。每一段落与全篇的中心思想、和篇中其他各部分之间都有着内在的联系，就段落在篇章结构中的地位来看，有的是开头，有的是结尾，有的是重点叙述部分，也有的是前后的过渡，等等。

段落设计的合理与否直接关系到文章的连贯与完整。一个核心段落一般由主题句、支持句和关联成分构成。主题句是表明段落唯一主旨即中心思想的句子；支持句则是对主题句的阐释、说明、例证或引申等。关联成分使主题句和各个支持句连贯成一个整体。 在划分段落时要注意其性和整体性。性，即一个好的段落除去与其上下文的过渡句外，应自成一体，有自己的主题句，表达某一中心思想，并且段落内各组成部分都与主题句逻辑上紧密相连；整体性，即段落是文章的一部分，它必须清晰紧密地与它的上下段落连接，在写作时，应借助文章内容逻辑关系或关联词来体现这种连接。 主题句是写好文章的关键。主题句应目的明确、点明段落的唯一中心思想，让读者明确将论述的问题，并有概括性。 实例：

Every country has its favourite food. Italians like to eat pizza. Indians like to eat hot food. Japanese like to eat fish. Often they don’t cook it.

In England, one of the most popular kinds of food is fish and chips. People usually buy it in a fish and chip shop. They put it in paper bags, and take it home, or to their workplace. Sometimes they eat it in the park or on the road.

But the world’s favourite food isn’t English, Italian, Indian or Japanese. It seems that American fast food is the most popular in the world. In New York, Moscow, Paris, London, and even in some big cities in China, you can find people eating hamgburgers and chips. Chinese food is also very popular in the world. In many cities you can find Chinese restaurants. People enjoy Chinese food because it has different tastes and is usually very delicious!

上文中第一、二、四段的第一句和第三段的第二句都是主题句。主题句起着统领全段的作用，最好出现在段首。当然根据需要也可以出现在段中、段末；或段首出现，段末重现。支持句表达的意义都是直线型的，是对主题句的阐释、说明和例证。如第一段主题句的中心是各国都有自己喜爱的食品，接下的支持句举例说明：意大利人喜欢吃比萨饼；印度人喜欢吃辣味食品；日本人喜欢吃鱼，而且常常不煮，生吃。这些都是对主题句具体细节性的论证。每一个支持句都辅助阐释主题句的中心思想，而不是对其分化；各句间逻辑一致，使整个段落连贯成一个整体。其它各段也都各自表明了一个单一的中心思想：第二段的主旨是，在英国最受欢迎的食品是炸鱼加炸土豆片；第三段是说美国快餐

最受欢迎；第四段的中心是，中国快餐同样受欢迎。每段相对又讲述同一个主题――favourite food。

5) 段落展开策略

(1)按时间展开

按时间展开段落，即在段落中以时间为主线组织安排材料，表现某个主题。在叙述文体中常用这种方法。它包括顺叙法、插叙法和倒叙法。

顺叙法，即先发生的事情先写，后发生的事情后写。是一种最基本、最常见的叙述方法。因为按时间的先后次序来叙述事件，就跟事件发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。

插叙法，即在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于表达的需要，暂时把叙述的线索中断一下，插进有关的另一件事的叙述方法。对全文来说，插叙只是一个片断。插叙结束后，文章仍要回到中心事件的叙述上去。

倒叙法，即把后发生的关键情节或结果提前叙述介绍,然后回过来按时间顺序叙述发生在先的情节。这种写法不仅能使文章曲折有致，引人入胜，而且便于突出重点，造成强烈印象。 实例： 顺叙法：

About 200 million years ago, all the lands joined together. After that they started to drift apart again. This began with a tongue of water pushing slowing between Africa and the American Continent. In the next 60 million years or so, it became an ocean channel which cut the world into two huge lands. Africa, Asia and South America were on the south, and North America and Europe were on the north. By 74 million years ago, the globe was taking its modern shape: it was divided into five continents: North America, South America, Asia, Europe and Africa. 插叙法：

Mr. Zhang was informed by the police that they had got information on his lost son and tomorrow he would go with them to the village. When he heard the news he fainted. Five years ago, his four-year-old son was taken away from his courtyard. He looked for him in many places but in vain. He was about to give up all hopes when he got to know his son still alive. He would see him the next day.… 倒叙法：

I failed the English exam this time. My teacher asked me to go to the office to tell her the reason. I knew clearly about the reason. Two months ago I was stuck on computer games. When back

home from school I began to play games. Saturday and Sunday were my happy days for games. I didn’t do my homework. I didn’t learn new words and expressions by heart. I didn’t even read the texts. … (2)按过程展开

按过程展开，即按照时间或逻辑顺序详细地描述怎样做某事或某事物是怎样形成的。 实例：

It is easy to make fried chicken at home. First, cut the chicken into pieces and wash them in cold water. Then cover them with flour, salt and pepper. Get a big frying pan and put in a little cooking oil. When it is hot, add the chicken pieces to it. Brown them on all sides for about 20 minutes. Then remove them from the pan and drain the oil from them. Next, put the chicken pieces in the pan again and lower the heat. Cook them covered for about ten minutes and uncovered for another ten minutes until they are crisp and tender. Now you can serve the chicken on a plate. (3)按空间展开

按空间展开，即描述物体在空间中所处的位置及其与周围事物的相互关系或某物体自身的结构状况，使读者有身临其境的感觉。在行文时可以按从上到下，从左到右，从前到后，从外到内，由远及近等次序进行。按空间顺序写作，要与作者的立足点一致。如果作者立足点是移动的，空间顺序往往按作者的动向来确定；如果作者的立足点的固定的，空间顺序就与作者的视线移动相联系。按空间顺序写作时，还要把事物按空间位置归类，把在什么地方或方位，有什么事物或景物放在一个层次上，免致颠三倒四，交错混乱。 实例：

The new house has two stories. On the first floor, the front door opens into a spacious sitting-room with large windows. There is a television, a telephone and a set of sofas in the room. On the left wall, a door leads to a small study. The door on the right of the sitting-room leads to the kitchen and the dining room. There is also a small broom closet on this side of the house. The stairs run on the right side of the house. On the upper floor are three bedrooms, each with a built-in wardrobe. There are also two bathrooms on this floor: one has a bath tub and the other has a shower bath. (4)举例和归纳

以举例的方法展开段落，即文章开头提出论点，随后举出实例加以说明。所举例子要具体、典型、与题目密切相关。例子可以是一个或几个。这种展开方法将主题句的抽象意思具体化，给读者一个清晰、深刻和信服的印象。

归纳的方法是在一系列例证之后，对其概括总结，引出段落的主题句。

实例：

举例：

American cowboys lived a hard life in the past. For one thing, they were always lonely. They had no one but the horses to talk to during their long, long journeys. Also, day and night, cowboys had to protect their cattle from the dangers of wild animals, thieves and bad weather. The worst thing was riding among cattle, which was very dangerous. Sometimes, cowboys could be kicked and killed by angry cattle. 归纳：

Basketball, football and volleyball are team sports, which require two teams playing against each other. They compete with one another to get the best score. Dual sports, on the other hand, are played between two persons. Both players have to make the greatest effort to beat their opponent. Dual sports include such sports as tennis, ping-pong, and boxing. Individual sports require neither a team nor an opponent. Typical individual sports are swimming, running and walking. So there are three main kinds of sports: team sports, dual sports and individual sports. (5)类比和对比

类比和对比的方法是通过两事物间的比较，找出异同点，以突出某个主题，给读者以深刻的印象。这种手法应用在同一种类、属性、范围内的两事物间的比较，类比侧重于事物间的相同点，对比侧重于事物间的相异点。

实例：

There are strange similarities between the life of John F. Kennedy and the life of Abraham Lincoln. For example, Kennedy became president in 1960, while Lincoln was elected in 1860. This was exactly one hundred years apart. Then, both men were shot from behind, on a Friday and in the presence of their wives. There is another very strange similarity. Kennedy’s secretary, named Lincoln, told him not to go to Dallas. Lincoln’s secretary, named Kennedy, told him not to go to the Ford Theater. Both men went and both were shot to death.

(6)按因果展开

按原因展开，即文章先描写某一结果，然后再详细分析原因；按结果展开，即文章先叙述原因，再详细描写其结果；按原因和结果展开，即文章分析原因又分析结果。 实例：

I can’t swim because I have a strong fear of water. Looking back at my childhood experience, I think that three reasons might explain the fear. The first reason is that I was not allowed to go near the water when I was a child, for my mother had an unreasonable fear of it. So, even as a child I was taught to see the water as something dangerous. Second, my eyes became bad when I was five. If I took off my glasses in the water, I couldn’t see anything, and this increased my fear. The worst

part of experience is that as a child of ten I saw a neighbour drown. Since then I was more frightened. For these reasons, I just don’t trust water even though I know the fear is unreasonable. (7)按分类展开

按分类展开，即把要说明的事物按其特点用例证、比较等方法分别归类，一一说明，使之具体生动，从而扩展段落。 实例：

People have different learning styles. Generally speaking, there are three distinct styles of learning: learning by seeing, learning by hearing and learning by doing. “Seeing learners” remember the page of a book like a photograph. For them, the diagrams, charts, outlines or pictures mean much more than pages of the textbook. “Listening learners” need to hear the words or sounds to master the material. They learn best by reading or reciting aloud the material to remember it. “Doing learners” learn best by acting out, move around and play with the material. They especially enjoy laboratory classes, since they can use the whole body in learning.

6) 衔接过渡策略

一篇文章要有好的主题、丰富的内容、巧妙的构思和规范的表达，但这还不够，还需要有把这些内容有机联系起来的语篇衔接手段，使文章在结构上有连贯性。连贯性是衡量一个好段落、一篇好文章的标志之一。紧凑连贯是指文章的各个部分应该围绕主题句有机结合起来，句子段落结构有条理，准确清晰，层次分明，衔接自然。只有文章连贯，读者才能跟上文章的思路，明白文章的意思。许多学生能够写出没有语法错误、内容也比较充实的段落，但往往句子之间、段落之间缺乏连贯性和整体性。为了确保读者能够跟上作者的思路，在行文时运用有效的连接过渡是十分必要的。要使段落连贯我们常使用的方法有：

(1)重复关键词语

重复与文章主旨有关的单词或短语可以使句子之间紧密衔接，起到强调突出的效果，从而使段落连贯性更加明显。如：

English is very important for the development of China. Since 1980s’ China has opened the door to the outside world. Many foreigners have come to China and many Chinese have gone abroad to study. It is a great need for Chinese and foreigners to know each other. And English is a bridge for that. English plays a big role in the international exchange between China and other countries. So we must learn English well.

上文多次重复单词China、Chinese、English来连贯全段，突出了英语对中国发展的重要性。

(2)使用代词

使用代词来代替上文提到过的人或事，从而使句子互相照应，互相衔接。如： Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He grew up in Seattle, Washington. Bill Gates was named William Henry after his father and grandfather. He was a very clever boy. His favourite subjects at school were science and maths. When people asked him what he wanted to be in the future, he always said, “A scientist.” (3)保持语法项目的一致

保持名词的数量、代词的人称和动词的时态等语法项目的一致，可以让文章清晰流畅。如：

As time goes by, there are going to be big changes in our everyday lives. For example, cars are going to drive us to places without a driver. We're going to tell the car where we want to go, and the car is going to get us there! Also, we can talk to people on small video telephones that we can wear like a watch. If we are free, there are cities under the sea or space stations to visit.

短文中be going to do的使用，使文章读起来连贯、流畅。 (4)使用关联词语

使用关联词语能很好地承上启下，把句子有机地连接起来，使文章段落内部环环相扣，从而推动段落中心意思顺利地向前发展。如：

The European Union is an organization of European countries. The countries are independent and are governed in different ways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the head of state is a king or queen. In France, on the other hand, the head of state is a president. But each of them sends representatives to the European Parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries.

上文中for example用于表示举例，on the other hand用于表示对比，but用于表示转折。 适当使用关联词可以使文章自然连贯，但不可过分使用。过多使用关联词会使文章读起来平稳性差，用词繁杂。

7) 开篇策略

一篇文章有开头、中间和结尾三部分。尽管中间部分是主要部分，所占篇幅最多，但开头、结尾同样重要。一篇文章有好的开头，不仅仅可以帮助读者掌握文章的目的与主旨，也往往会决定读者是否有兴趣读下去。作者要根据全文的特点来安排文章的开头。开头或简或详，或开门见山，或远远说来，都以适应表达主题的需要为准。常见的开篇手法有：

(1)开门见山，直抒主题

这类开头主要告诉读者文章的主要内容，直截了当地点明主题，提出看法，明确陈述见解，然后马上用例证加以阐述，给人以明快、干净、利落的感觉。如：

People with different cultural backgrounds often react differently under the same situation. For example, the Chinese like to show their modesty when they are complimented. The Americans, however, like to show what they think directly. That is why, whenever praised, many Chinese would say “Oh no, I am far from it,” but the Americans would probably say “Thank you.” People from the two cultures also differ in the ways of expressing their courtesy. At the dinner table, for instance, a Chinese host will press the guest to take more food again and again. An American host, on the contrary, may just say “Help yourself.” and let the guest himself decide how much he would like to eat. While learning a foreign language, we must not forget to learn about the culture. (2)提出问题，引起注意

通过设问来引起读者的思考，激起读者阅读的兴趣是常用的开头方法。如： Why are trees important to us? I can give you several reasons.

Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. That's important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and insects live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil from going away. If we have a lot of trees, we stop deserts from being larger. I think this is very important. You know, trees are green. They can make our country even more beautiful.

Trees are our good friends. We should plant more trees and take good care of them. (3)引经据典，激起兴趣

开篇引用名人名言、成语典故或数据引证等能产生吸引读者注意力的效果。但引证一定得当，要紧扣主题。否则会有哗众取宠之感。如：

There is an old saying, “Time waits for no man.” But some students don’t know that. They spend too much time watching TV or waste a lot of time playing computer games. They always believe that they are young, and they have much time to learn. Time is just like one’s life. When it is gone, it will never come back. As students, we must treasure every minute and make full use of our time. We should study hard so that we can do better for our country in the future. (4)交待故事发生的背景

在写记叙性文体时，有时先交待故事发生的背景，以使读者对事件发生的时间、地点或环境有所了解。如：

It was a very hot summer. Students had their holidays at home. One afternoon I was doing some washing under a big tree. Not far away there were some boys swimming in the water. Suddenly I heard someone calling “Help! Help!”. ……

(5)以故事发生的顺序开头

这种开头的方法使读者感到行文平稳、脉络清晰。如：

One day, I went to school by bike. On my way to school, my bike was broken. I didn’t know what to do with it. I saw an old man was mending bikes at one side of the road.…… (6)以幽默的语句开头

以幽默的语句开头能激起读者的好奇心，产生急于读下去的愿望。如：

How about sending our parents to school? I have had this idea for a long time. At six o’clock we call them up. After a quick breakfast they rush to school to have the morning reading. Then four classes in the morning and another four classes in the afternoon. When coming back home we urge them to do their homework till eleven o’clock. Yet they would have a break. That’s the supper time. Don’t forget to send them to tutorial classes on Saturday and Sunday. Don’t complain! That’s our life.…… (7)以比喻手法开头

比喻手法使用得当，能起到吸引读者、阐释主题、使人感到写作手法多样等作用。如： As we all know, the earth is like our mother. But look at what we’ve done to her? The destruction of the rainforests and wild life, the ozone layer depletion, the polluted rivers and seas…. Once she was beautiful and rich but now she has become dirty and poor. She gives life to all the living things on the earth, beautiful and balanced nature. …… (8)以对比、比较等方法开头

以读者熟悉的事物对所阐述的内容进行比较或对比，这样的开头拉近了文章与读者的距离，使读者对将描述的内容感兴趣。如：

Much, much taller than the Watts Towers of Los Angeles are the redwood trees of Muir Woods near San Francisco. These trees are the tallest living things in the world. The highest one is three hundred sixty-two feet or about one hundred ten meters high; and hundreds of others are nearly as tall.

8) 结尾策略

结尾要有力。好的结尾往往能有力地收束全篇，深化主题，增强感染，激发读者思考，使人

感到余味无穷。常见的结尾方法有： (1)概括总结，重申主题

将文章的主要观点加以概括小结，强调作者立场，加深读者印象。如：

The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well. We can also send messages by e-mail, make phone calls, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves. Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play chess or cards. On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them.

In a word, the Internet has made our life more courful.

(2)首尾呼应，强调中心思想

用不同的词句或表达方式，简明扼要地叙述主题信息，可以进一步强化主题思想。如： My favourite food is moon cake. I like it very much. It’s very delicious and popular.

Moon cakes are delicious, round cakes. Some have eggs or nuts in them, and some have meat. People usually buy it in a food shop. They look like the moon, so we call them moon cakes. On Mid-Autumn Day, we Chinese people like eating moon cakes. At night, we often stay in the open air not far from our home. We look at the moon, eat the moon cakes and talk about happy things. We always have a good time.

I like moon cakes best. Do you like them, too. (3)自然结尾，避免啰嗦

记叙文和描写文通常采用故事直接开头，自然结尾的方法。如： ……

Luckily, Mr Jackson, a very good driver, saw what was happening. He jumped into the water at once. He swam over to the car. He got to Mrs Beet through an open window. He pulled her out of the window and then out of the water. Back on land, he gave Mrs Beet mouth-to-mouth breathing. Soon the lady came to herself.

(4)提出建议，提供解决办法

这种方法常用于分析性和探讨性较强的论说文。文章对某一问题进行讨论，作者在结尾时提出自己对此问题的解答或提出建议和希望，甚至进行预测与展望。如： ……

Finally, we should let everyone understand this and show our love towards nature and animals and stop doing harm to them, then our world will become better.

(5)提出问题，启发思考

在结尾处提出与文章主题有关的问题，或用反问句，可以启发和引导读者深入思考，使读者参与到文章的讨论中或使文章主题得以延续。如： ……

The city has many kinds of entertainment. There are film shows, plays, concerts, parades, and many other kinds of entertainment. There are many places to visit.

People in the country get lots of exercises when they work on the land. Children get lots of exercise by walking or riding their bicycles to school. In the country there are fewer accidents and people do not need so many policemen to protect them. Living in the country is clean and quiet. Where would you rather live, in the city or in the country? (6)使用感叹语句，强化主题

书信、日记、通知、议论文等文体中，都可以使用感叹句来强化主题。如：

This morning I was going to play outside when my father asked me to drop a letter into a nearby letterbox for him. I took over the letter and said goodbye to him. When I passed by a box, I just put the letter into the box. Before long, I got back home. Just then a dustman came into my home with a letter in his hand. He told my father that there was a letter for him. My father was surprised to see that the letter was the one he had written himself. He was wondering about the letter when the dustman told us that he found the letter as he emptied the litter box. Now everything was clear. I had put the letter into the litter box, not the letterbox! How careless I was!

(7)引用名言警句或格言谚语，升华主题

使用名言警句或格言谚语，可以起到画龙点睛、升华主题的作用。如：

As students we all like reading. But what kind of books should we read? In my opinion we should only read good books. Good books can help us to make a lot of progress in our study. We can get knowledge from them. But bad books would have no help for us. Reading such books will waste our time. What is worse, it will lead us to the wrong way in life. So it is very important for us to choose books. We should choose good books that are suitable for us to read in order to learn as much knowledge as possible. Just as it is said in a proverb “Books like friends, should be few and well chosen.”

9) 记叙文写作策略

记叙文是以记人、叙事为主要内容的一种文体，是以记载、叙述作者在生活中的所见、所闻、所接触过的人、事、景、物的文章。记叙文的最基本特点是陈述过程。写记叙文时首先要确定文章的中心思想，根据中心思想对掌握的材料进行筛选、整合和安排，并确定语言结构、句型、表达方式和语言风格等。 写记叙文要注意以下三点： (1)注意记叙文的六要素

写记叙文时，应注意记叙文的六大要素不可或缺。记叙文的六大要素是：时间、地点、人物、事件、经过和结果。我们在写作过程中都应将其叙述清楚。记叙文类命题作文多以看图作文的形式或给故事情景的形式出现。要注意观察图中的人物、地点、时间及故事发展过程，还要注意汉语提示中的信息。

(2)记叙文的语言形式要丰富

记叙文的写作可以充分体现一个人的英语写作水平。所以，语言形式应多样。切忌全部使用简单句，用词也要尽量丰富一些。

英语记叙文的语言特色主要表现在动词上。要善于运用英语动词的时态变化和语态变化，使文章所记叙的动作有层次感和立体感。 (3) 要注意写作角度

写记叙文时要注意作者的角度。作者以“参与者”的身份进行记叙，要用第一人称；作者以“观察者”的身份展开叙述，要用第三人称。 实例：

When I was at university I studied very hard. But a lot of my friends did very little work. Some did just enough to pass exams. Others didn't do quite enough. Fred Baines was one of them. He spent more time drinking than working.

Once, at the end of the term, we had to take an important test in chemistry. The test had a hundred questions. Beside each question we had to write \" True\" or \"False\". While I was studying in my room the night before the test, Fred was watching TV. Fred usually worried a lot the night before a test. But on that night he looked perfectly calm. Then he told me of his plan.

\"It's very simple. There are a hundred questions and I have to get fifty correct to pass the test. I'll take a coin into the examination room. I haven't studied a chemistry book for months, so I'11 just toss the coin. That way, I'm sure I'll get half the questions right. \"

The next day, Fred came cheerfully into the examination room. As he sat tossing a coin for half an hour he marked down his answers. Then he left, half an hour before the rest of us. The next day, he saw the chemistry professor in the corridor. \"Oh good,\" he said, \"Have you got the results of the test?\" The professor looked at him and smiled. \"Ah, it's you, Baines. Just a minute. \"

Then he reached into his pocket and took out a coin. He threw it into the air, caught it in his hand and looked at it.

\"I'm terribly sorry, Baines,\" he said, \"You failed!\"

10) 描写文写作策略

描写文除客观地写人、写物、写景外，还包括写人的心理活动和作者的主观感受。这种诉诸情感的文体，使读者对描写的对象能获得如见其形、如闻其声、如尝其味、如临其境的实感。

客观描写不掺杂个人感情和意见，通常的篇章结构是先对描写的对象作一简单的整体介绍，然后用段落或句子分别介绍对象的各个部分，往往按空间顺序进行。印象描写要写下作者对某一事物的印象及个人的感情与看法。客观描写的主要目的是让读者清楚所描写对象的情况；印象描写则是在此基础上进一步引起读者的感情共鸣。 描写文写作时应注意： (1)注意观察

写描写文时要注意对描写对象的观察。要根据作者的所见所闻，真实、客观地发现需要告知他人的主要方面。在做命题作文时，主要需描写的方面都以文字、表格或图片等形式提示给了学生。在写作时，要注意不要漏项。 (2)明确目的

描写文的写作目的是将自己所见、所闻、所知告之与人，并将自己的感受、观点传达给读者。所以要抓准描写对象的特征，着重写有别于其它人、其它物、其它景的显著特点和能说明自己观点的方面。 (3)注意写作顺序

写人时要由上到下，由相貌表情到内心活动进行描写；写物时要由近及远，由总体到局部进行描写；写景时要由大到小，由概述到细节进行描写。 实例： 写景：

Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area in Sichuan Province is famous for its beautiful mountains, forests, lakes and Tibetan villages. It’s the home of some endangered animals such as the giant panda and the golden monkey. In summer the valley is cool and comfortable, but the best time to visit is in autumn when the leaves on the trees change colour and fall into the lake beneath the clear, bright sky. It is one of the most popular places in the country for Chinese and foreign tourists to visit. 写人：

Florence Nightingale was born on 12th May, 1820. In 1851 she trained as a nurse. Two years later she went to a British military hospital so that she could help British soldiers. Before she arrived, many soldiers died in the hospital because it was dirty. Nightingale worked hard to make the hospital clean and stop soldiers dying. When she returned to England in 1856, she

was a national heroine. Nightingale wrote two books about nursing and she also started a school to train nurses. She died in London on 13th August, 1910, when she was 90 years old.

11) 说明文写作策略

说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它常用来陈述或说明事物的性质、特点、作用、成因及结果，使读者对所说明的对象有一个清晰的、完整的了解。自我介绍、人物介绍、地点介绍、知识简介、图片说明、图表说明、会议日程、旅游安排、工作程序等都属于说明文之列。说明文的特点是事实正确、表达清晰。

写人物介绍时，首先要全面了解这个人，然后根据内容需要选写，全面扼要地突出重点介绍，力求真实准确。人物介绍一般包括出生年月、主要经历、事迹成就、影响评价等。自我介绍除以上内容外，要体现个人特点，有时可加入一些个人心理活动。命题作文一般给出要点，所以在审题时要注意提示内容，把握要点，切忌疏忽所包含的信息。写作时要适当用好连词、介词。对姓名、性别、家庭住址、个人基本情况介绍、兴趣爱好等都要用一般现在时。

写地点介绍、事物介绍、物品介绍等的说明文要更注重客观事实，要求用事实说话，能抓住事物的特征，把地点、事物和事理解释清楚即可。

为了对事物的特征做出直接、明确的说明，写说明文时应注意写作顺序。应仔细观察，抓住事物的个性特征，安排好合理的说明顺序，有条有理。顺序可以分时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序和认知顺序等。

常用的说明文写作方法有：下定义、做诠释、分类别、举例子、列数字、作比较、引资料和打比方。

下定义，即用简明的语言指出被说明对象的本质特征，把那些容易与之相混的对象区别开来。下定义必须揭示事物的本质，能使它同其他事物区别开。 做诠释，即从某个侧面对事物的某一特点做些解释，叫做诠释。

分类别是指将被说明的对象，按照一定的标准划分成不同的类别，一类一类地加以说明。 举例子，即举出实例进行说明，使内容具体化。 列数字，也就是用准确的数据说明事物的某些方面。

作比较就是通过比较，说明事物和事理。作比较时，应该找读者较熟悉的事物与说明对象相比。

引资料，即用经典著作、名家名言、典故谚语、民间传说等进行说明。

打比方，即凭借事物之间的相似点，把此事物比作彼事物以此说明复杂事物的抽象事理。说明文中打比方的目的是为了说明，追求的是说明效果，所以一定要注意比喻的贴切、

浅显、明了。 实例：

How to Use the Dictionary

As an English learner you may want to know the meaning of a new word. The best way for that is to use a dictionary. How to find a word in a dictionary both quickly and correctly? First, all the English words are arranged in the alphabetical order. In the dictionary you can first see the words beginning with the letter A, then B, C, D, E,…… That means, if there are two words “confident” and “optimistic”, “confident” will be certainly before “optimistic”. Then if there are two words both beginning with the same letter, you may look at the second letter. Then the third, the fourth,…… For example, “hat” is before “hot”, “move” is before “movie”. The dictionary is your good friend. I hope you’ll learn English well with it.

Here is the weather report for the next 24 hours in Qinghai. Xining will be rainy and the lowest temperature will fall to fourteen again. The highest temperature is twenty-six. A strong wind reaches Geermu and the temperature will be ten to twenty. It will be cloudy in Delingha. It’ll stay above zero and the temperature will be nine to eighteen. There will be snow in Yushu. It will be quite cold and the temperature will be below zero. The weather in Qinhai Lake will be sunny. Its temperature will be thirteen to twenty-one. It’s a beautiful place for people to go in summer.

12) 议论文写作策略

议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种常用文体。它通过证明或反驳一个观点来陈述一个道理，表明作者的见解、观点、立场或看法。议论文包括三个基本要素：论点、论据、论证。论点是作者对议论的对象所持的见解和主张。为了阐明自己的论点，必须摆事实，讲道理。这些用来证明论点的事实和道理，就是论据。组织、分析论据并使之与论点联系起来的过程与方法，就是论证。写议论文要做到论点鲜明、正确，论据真实可靠，论证符合逻辑。

议论文所用的时态较广，要视内容而定。作者以第一人称写作，给人以亲切的感觉；以旁观者的身份写作，给人以客观、公正的感觉。要注意自然段与主题句的运用，即用自然段

表示出文章的逻辑性，并在每段中用主题句说明要点，给人一目了然的感觉。写作时还应注意每句的重心和句与句之间的衔接，使句意一环扣一环，避免松散。

议论文的写作方法有：举证法、演绎法、归纳法、因果法、类推法和对比法。 写议论文应注意以下三点： (1)确定论点

(2)论据充分、有力 (3)结构清楚，语句多样

举证法，也就是通常所说的“摆事实，讲道理”的方法，即用典型的具体事实作论据来证明论点。

演绎法，即把自己的观点在文章的前部直截了当地摆出，然后再把论据一条一条地叙述，支持前面的观点。论据写完后，文章便可以结束，也可以再以一结束段重提前面的观点，并作进一步的阐说。

归纳法，即先列出论据，逐条分析，最后自然得出结论，表明自己的观点。 因果法，即根据事物之间的因果关系，揭示事物产生的原因和造成的结果。

类推法，是通过打比方，把两种相同或相似的事物放在一起进行比较，把抽象的道理比喻明白，从而作出论断。

对比法，是在比较对照两个同类事物中，突出事物的本质，深入阐述论证的问题，树立鲜明的论点。

写议论文应注意以下三点： (1)确定论点

一篇议论文要表达作者的一个观点或主张。整篇文章都要围绕这一主题展开。通常作者在第一段，甚至第一句，就要表明自己的论点。

(2)论据充分、有力

作者要阐明自己的观点，就要以丰富、有力的论点来证明其主张、观点的正确。但论据切忌杂乱，筛选、使用最有说明力的论据来支持自己的论点是写好议论文的关键。议论文重在说理，以理服人。

(3)结构清楚，语句多样

初级的议论文写作过程是，先摆出论点，然后进行论证，最后得出结论。 实例：

Why are trees important?

Trees are very important to us. Do you know why? Let me tell you.

Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. That's important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and insects live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil from going away. If we have a lot of trees, we stop deserts from being larger. I think this is very important. You know, trees are green. They can make our country even more beautiful.

Trees are our good friends. We should plant more trees and take good care of them.

13) 应用文写作策略

应用文指人们在日常工作、学习、生活和社会交往中广泛使用，并有某些惯用格式的一种文体。应用文包括书信、电子邮件、日记、书面通知、讲话稿等。应用文具有格式固定、内容真实、语言明确、风格多样的特点。

(1)书信写作

书信是人们生活中信息传递的重要方式，它具有实用性强、格式固定、使用广泛等特点。它的读者对象非常明确，表示方式也非常灵活。它主要用于亲友感情联络、交流信息、通报情况、研究问题等。书信一般分为私人书信和商业、公务书信两大类。英语书信主要有问安信、邀请信、感谢信、祝贺信、道歉信、请求信、求职信、应聘信、交友信、通知信及一般书信等。书信写作时，要注意英文书信格式的正确，写一般书信注意语气亲切、诚挚，写公务信函注意严谨、规范。 ① 信封的写法 a. 收信人的姓名

收信人的姓名要写在信封的中间略偏右。写英文姓名时，要先写名，再写姓。姓名前要加上适当的称呼，如：Mr., Mrs., Miss, Dr.等。 b. 收信人的地址

收信人的地址要写在收信人姓名下面。写地址的顺序是：门牌号、楼号、街名、城镇名、省/市名、邮政编码、国名。 c. 写信人的地址

写信人的地址常写在信封的左上角，也可以写在信封(口)盖上。邮票贴在右上角。 实例： 1. 信封

② 信件的格式和要求

英文的书信一般由以下六部分组成：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语和签名。 a. 信头(写信人的地址和写信的日期) 写信人的地址从信纸的上端往右写，其写法与上述介绍的地址写法相同。写信的日期写在地址的下面。

b. 信内地址(收信人的姓名和地址)

信头下左边开始顶格写。第一行写姓名、头衔。接下去写地址。亲友、熟人间可以不写信内地址。 c. 称呼

收信人的称呼，从信纸左边顶格开始写。先写Dear一词，再加上称呼。如果收信人是不大熟悉的人，可以在Dear之后加个尊称Mr.、Mrs.、Miss、Dr.或职务等，以表示尊敬，但此后的称呼必须是姓氏或姓加名。称呼后用逗号。 d. 信的正文

书信的正文是写信者所要说的话。长信要分段写，每一段一个中心思想。短信可不分段。在正文结束时可以写上一两句表达心愿的话。 e. 结束语

结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称或致敬语，在中间偏右正文下面的地方写起。结束语后用逗号。结尾谦称语前一般有表示礼貌的客套语。客套语可以与最后一行连写，也可以另起一行。 f. 签名

写信人的签名要写在结束语下面偏右处。

实例：

(2)电子邮件写作

随着互联网的迅速发展，电子邮件在信息交流中的作用越来越重要。电子邮件的写作相似于信函，只是文体更随便，更注重交际功能。

写电子邮件要注意以下几个问题： ① 称呼

电子邮件中的称呼比较随便，可以像信函一样，视正式、非正式而不同；也可以像口语一样，如“Hi, Jack,”“Hell Mr. Wang,”。 ② 正文

电子邮件常常直接切入主题。 ③ 格式

正文格式可以是缩进式，即每一自然段开头向后缩入四个字母；也可以是齐头式，即每一段都从左边开始，每行取齐，成一垂直线，分段时用双行距分开。 ④ 结束语和签名

电子邮件的结束语和签名与信函不同，一般是左对齐排列。所用语句同于书信。

实例：

(3)日记写作

日记是用来记叙一天生活中发生的重要事情的文体，特别是那些值得今后回忆、查阅或参考的事情，其素材应是最有趣或最有感受的一些事情。日记以记叙文或是以简单的议论文为体裁，字数不宜过多。

每篇日记的第一行要写上日期及天气情况。在左上角写日期和星期。可按月、日、年次序写，或按日、月、年次序写。只有月、日时，月份可以缩写。星期几放在日期前或后。天气的写法根据实际情况，用形容词或名词表示。天气写在第一行的右上角。日期和天气各在左右角顶格写。

日记的正文要记下当天最有意义、感觉最深的事，内容可长可短。日记有叙事、描写、说明、抒情等多种类型，更有些日记是综合型的。日记多用第一人称I或We，文体口语化。因写作时间多为晚上，所以谓语动词多用过去时态，文后发表的感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。 实例：

(4)书面通知写作

书面通知是书面或印刷的正式公告或布告，是一种公文式文体，常常张贴在明显的位置。书面通知常分为通知、通告和须知。通知侧重于告知将要进行的活动内容，通告侧重于告示众所周知的事项，须知侧重于诏众应当遵守或禁忌的事项。书面通知要求语句简练、用词贴切，用语书面化。书面通知包括三个组成部分：标题、正文、时间。书面通知常使用的语法项目有：将来时、祈使句、情态动词和被动语态。通知应言简意赅，措词得当，时间及时。

书面通知各部分写法： ① 标题

正文上面中间写标题。标题常用Notice、STUDENT UNION NOTICE、NOTICE TO JUNIOR STUDENTS等。另外，标题也可以是通知的中心内容，如：BASKETBALL MATCH、SPEECH COMPETITION。 ② 正文

正文尽可能用精炼的文字表明明确的信息。张贴的通知一般不用称呼，行文多用第三人称。书信形式的通知如正文前有称呼语，要用第二人称。当通知中包含须做什么或注意什么时，句式上注意使用祈使句。涉及将要进行的活动内容的通知多使用将来时。通知往往着重对活动的内容和对象的说明，所以多用被动语态。权威机关发出的通知结构严谨、用词确切、文体正式，娱乐性通知不拘形式、活泼、有吸引力。因通知的内容和被通知对象不同，其格式、要求、语气也不同。 ③ 发布人

通知发布人或单位的名称可以与标题写在一起，也可以写在正文右下角处。 ④ 时间

发通知的时间写在正文右上角处，或写在最后、靠左下角处。 实例： 1.

. 2.

3.

(5)讲话稿写作

讲话指的是公共场合的讲话、欢迎辞、发言等，也就是英语的speech。讲话稿是正式社交场合最常见的应用文体，属于介绍性文体。这种文体在用词表达上随便些，较为口语化。格式上一般由称呼、正文和结束语三部分组成。写讲话稿应注意用词得体，符合讲话者的身份和语言环境。

写讲话稿要注意： ① 称呼

对听众的称呼，一般为 “Ladies and gentlemen, ” “Dear friends,” “Good morning, everyone!”等。 ② 正文

讲话稿和发言稿的语气要符合讲话者和听众的身份，主题要明确；欢迎辞要明确指出欢迎的对象，对客人表示热烈的欢迎和敬意，并做简要的介绍。讲话稿是介绍性说明文，在语言使用上一定要准确简明、通俗易懂、层次清楚、条理分明、逻辑性强。要注意内容力求单一，实事求是，文字要精炼，尽量使用简单句，避免使用复合句。 ③ 结束语

讲话一般以“Thank you.”结束，感谢听众耐心听自己的演讲。 实例：

Hello, ladies and gentlemen.

I am your guide today. First, I’d like to tell you something about London before we arrive. As you know, London is the capital of England. It lies on the River Thames.

It’s a very big city with a population of about 7 million. The people are usually friendly and helpful, especially the policemen. They are always glad to tell visitors about their city. London is a busy place. People work in offices, banks, or for companies. They are in a hurry all the time.

London is also a beautiful city. It has lots of parks and gardens. When you are in London, you should visit the London Museum. It can tell you a lot of interesting stories. You may also visit many other places of interest, such as Big Ben, River Thames and so on.

Wish you a good time!

14) 文章修改策略

写完初稿，要从头到尾仔细阅读修改，把多余、重复、与主题无关的部分删去，把表达不清晰、不完整、不得当的地方改正过来，纠正语法、拼写、标点符号等错误。修改文章主要从宏观和微观两方面入手。

宏观方面，应考虑：

1)主题思想是否清楚，主题句表达是否准确； 2)段落安排是否合理，段落层次是否分明，段与段之间的过渡是否连贯，展开是否流畅，段落材料是否充分；

3)文体格式是否符合要求； 4)是否落下提示要点；

5)文章的开头是否引起读者兴趣，结尾是否有力。 微观方面，应考虑：

1)句型是否多样化，句子结构的运用是否正确，语法是否正确；

2)用词是否恰当，时态、人称、主谓是否一致，动词的搭配、副词的位置、形容词的用法、介词的使用、名词的数及拼写是否正确；

3)大小写、标点是否正确；

4)有没有中国式的英语或表达习惯。