communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster
means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 andread than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readersinformed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important andserious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising fortheir very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 ofincome for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to
advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the workof the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state,nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. givingC. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D.purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. And C. Therefore D. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed 10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D.of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D.succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A.measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A.offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension(20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are tochoose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in thesixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment andobservation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and preciseparticular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by\" induction\". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of factsand their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most
important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Kepplerabout the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the\" force\" of gravity …… could never have beenmade if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that datagathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could bemore misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speakfor themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most
\"obvious\" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh andfrogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could neverhave been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theorieswhich guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. Accordingto Bacon, facts 。 A. are determined by observations B. can only be understood through logical reasoning C.have a hierarchy D. are gathered by illiterate assistants 22. Data collection should be performed by illiterate
assistants, 。 A. according to Bacon, as it led to speculation B. according to Bacon, to prevent theories from beingformulated on insufficient data C. was a notion Bacon strongly opposed D. was a notion rejected on the groundsthat it !ed to premature speculations 23. According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained 。 A. by subjectingtheories to rigorous logical analysis B. not through political or religious dogmasbut through reason C. by
observation alone D. through the inductive method 24.Spontaneous generation of life 。 A. was a known fact inBacon's time B. is verified by maggots in putrid flesh C. is more apparent than real D. is a speculation whichhas no basis in observation Passage Two Though one may question the degree to which the Civil Warrepresents a milestone in women's pursuit of social, economic, and political equality, Leonard's recent study hasexcelled that of her predecessor Ginzberg in debunking persistent myths about women's primary relation to the war as
weeping widows, self-sacrificing wives, patriotic fianc6es, and loyal daughters. Leonard asks if the wartime work of northernwomen influenced popular perceptions of women's abilities, and if home front production were seen as contributing to thereadiness of soldiers. Finding in the affirmative, she argues that home front activities generated respect for women's
organizational talents and opened up new work opportunities for women, while participation reinforced their self-reliance andself-esteem. In contrast to her predecessors, who saw the war as transforming the ideology of benevolence, Leonardfinds that worfien's war work drew heavily upon the antebellum ideology of women's nature and sphere. It was once believedthat wartime benevolence heightened changes emerging in the 1850s by replacing the antebellum ideology of genderdifference and female moral superiority with a new_ ideology of gender similarity and a more masculine ethos of disciplineand efficiency. Leonard asserts instead that white, middle-class, Yankee, charitable women appropriated the antebellummoral definition of womanhood and, in particular, woman's unique moral responsibility for maintaining community and hernatural selflessness and caretaking abilities, to expand the boundaries of woman's proper place. With determination andcourage, women brought forth positive changes in popular characterizations of middle-class womanhood that opened newdoors for women in the professions and in public life. A weak point of Leonard's theory is her assessment of the themesof postwar histories of women's wartime service. Leonard views these works as extolling women's self-sacrifice and,I abilityto cooperate men while downplaying women's demands for status and pay and ignoring the scope of women's administrativegenius. But other theorists, most notably Ginzberg, have argued that these same works may also be viewed as praising theefficiency of the new centralized and national charitable organizations, women's wage-earning capacity, and theirsubordination of feminine feeling andenthusiasm to business-like and war-like routinization and order. Two sets of
values……older notions of benevolence and new demands of public service……were at war in the North, a war that can beplotted through tensions about paying wages, centralizing corporate functions of benevolence, relating benevolence togovernment, and using funds for administrative……as opposed to strictly charitable……purposes. It may well be thatwartime masculinization of the ideology of benevolence pushed women further from both the symbolic and the real centers ofpower for social change and hastened instead a class-based alliance for social welfare. But we can agree with Leonard thatthe war forced men to yield ground, sharing and sometimes even surrendering territory, power, and status in the public realm. 25.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage? A. The Influence of Elizabeth Leonard onHistorians of Feminism in the Civil War B. Leonard's Explanation of How the Civil War Improved the Plight of Women C. Feminism in the Civil War: New Controversy About an Old Subject D. The Heritage of Benevolence: The CivilWar's Contribution to Women's Charitable Organizations 26. According to the passage, Leonard asserts that women'sactivities during the Civil War had all of the following positive effects EXCEPT A. They were praised as aiding the warcause. B. They improved women's economic situation. C. They were considered proof of women's abilities toorganize themselves. D. They created new occupational opportunities for women. 27. It can be inferred,from thepassage that Leonard would agree with which of the following statements regarding the status of women during the CivilWar? I. Antebellum values were expanded, not replaced, in order to develop new definitions of womanhood. Il.Historians have paid insufficient attention to demands for higher status women made during the war. III. On the whole,the war was detrimental to the perception of women. A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III 28.It can be inferred that Leonard would most likely consider which of the following hypothetical cases of Civil War womenthe LEAST supportive of her thesis? A. A widow who patriotically refused to remarry, even after her soldier husband waskilled in battle B. A woman who shifted from working as a seamstress to running an army uniform factory C. A
woman who dressed as a Southern soldier in order to cross enemy lines as a spy D. A woman who established a charityin order to collect money for prostheses for war amputees 29.Which of the following best describes the organization ofthe passage? A. The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for
possible new research. B. The author presentshis thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to supporthis thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis. C. The author describes some features of a historical study and thenuses those features to put forth his own argument. D. The author presents the general argument of a historical study,describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the study's value 30. With which of the
following criticisms of Leonard's theory would the author of the passage be most likely to agree? A. It lays too muchimportance upon the antebellum ideology of women's nature and sphere. B. It fails to acknowledge that masculinizationof war-time efforts may have been detrimental to the feminist cause. C. It tends to overemphasize the role of women inshifting their status over the course of the war. D. It bases its thesis too exclusively on white, Yankee, middle-classwomen, ignoring every other social and racial class. Passage Three Our next task is to consider the policiesand principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have writtenon this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have tosay, as regards this question in particular, will differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write abook that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion ofhow things are in real life and not waste time with discussion of an imaginary world. For m a n y a u t h o r s h a v e c o n s t ru c t e d i m a g i n a r y r e p u b l i c s a n d p r i n c i p a l i t i e s t h a t h a v e n e v e r e x i s t e d i n p r a c t i c e a n d n e v er c o u l d ; f o r t h e g a p b e t w e e n h o w p e o p l e a c t u a l l y b e h a v e a n d h o w t h e y o u g h t t o b e h a v e i s s og r e a t t h a t a n y o n e w h o i g n o r e s e v e r y d a y r e a l i t y i n o r d e r t o l i v e u p t o a n i d e a l w i l l s o o n d i s c ov e r h e h a s b e e n t a u g h t h o w t o d e s t r o y h i m s e l f , n o t h o w t o p r e s e r v e h i m s e l f . F o r a n y o n e w h ow a n t s t o a c t t h e p a r t o f a g o o d m a n i n a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i l l b r i n g a b o u t h i s o w n r u i n , f o r t h o se h e h a s t o d e a l w i t h w i l l n o t a l l b e g o o d . S o i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a r u l e r , i f h e w a n t s t o h o l d o n t op o w e r , t o l e a r n h o w n o t t o b e g o o d , a n d t o k n o w w h e n i t i s a n d w h e n i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o u s e th i s k n o w l e d g e . 0 0 L e t u s l e a v e t o o n e s i d e , t h e n , a l l d i s c u s s i o n o f i m a g i n a r y r u l e r s a n d t a l ka b o u t p r a c t i c a l r e a l i t i e s . I m a i n t a i n t h a t a l l m e n , w h e n p e o p l e t a l k a b o u t t h e m , a n d e s p e c ia l l y r u l e r s , b e c a u s e t h e y h o l d p o s i t i o n s o f a u t h o r i t y , a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f q u a l i t i e s t h
a t a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y l i n k e d t o c e n s u r e o r t o p r a i s e . S o o n e m a n i s d e s c r i b e d a s g e n e r o u s , a n ot h e r a s a m i s e r ; o n e i s c a l l e d o p e n - h a n d e d , a n o t h e r t i g h t - f i s t e d ; o n e m a n i s c r u e l , a n o t h e rg e n t l e ; o n e u n t r u s t w o r t h y , a n o t h e r s e l f - i m p o r t a n t ; o n e p r o m i s c u o u s , a n o t h e r m o n o g a mo u s ; o n e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d , a n o t h e r d u p l i c i t o u s ; o n e t o u g h , a n o t h e r e a s y - g o i n g ; o n e s e r i ou s , a n o t h e r c h e e r f u l ; o n e r e l i g i o u s , a n o t h e r a t h e i s t i c a l ; a n d s o o n . 0 0 N o w I k n o w e v e r y o ne w i l l a g r e e t h a t i f a r u l e r c o u l d h a v e a l l t h e g o o d q u a l i t i e s I h a v e l i s t e d a n d n o n e o f t h e b a d on e s , t h e n t h i s w o u l d b e a n e x c e l l e n t s t a t e o f a f f a i r s . B u t o n e c a n n o t h a v e a l l t h e g o o d q u a l i ti e s , n o r a l w a y s a c t i n a p r a i s e w o r t h y f a s h i o n , f o r w e d o n o t l i v e i n a n i d e a l w o r l d . Y o u h a v e to b e c a n n y e n o u g h t o a v o i d b e i n g t h o u g h t t o h a v e t h o s e e v i l q u a l i t i e s t h a t w o u l d m a k e i t i m po s s i b l e f o r y o u t o r e t a i n p o w e r ; a s f o r t h o s e t h a t a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h h o l d i n g o n t o p o w e r , y ou s h o u l d a v o i d t h e m i f y o u c a n ; b u t i f y o u c a n n o t , t h e n y o u s h o u l d n o t w o r r y t o o 0 0 m u c h i f p e op l e s a y y o u h a v e t h e m . A b o v e a l l , d o n o t b e u p s e t i f y o u a r e s u p p o s e d t o h a v e t h o s e v i c e s a r ul e r n e e d s i f h e i s g o i n g t o s t a y s e c u r e l y i n p o w e r , f o r , i f y o u t h i n k a b o u t i t , y o u w i l l r e a l i z e t he r e a r e s o m e w a y s o f b e h a v i n g t h a t a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e v i r t u o u s , b u t w o u l d l e a d t o y o u r d o wn f a l l , a n d o t h e r s t h a t a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e w i c k e d , b u t w i l l l e a d t o y o u r w e l f a r e a n d p e a c e o f mi n d . 0 0 3 1 . T h e w o r d \" p r e s u m p t u o u s \" i n t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h p r o b a b l y m e a n s _ _ 0 0 A . s h o w i ng d i s h o n e s t y B . s h o w i n g r e b e l l i o n 0 0 C . s h o w i n g s u b m i s s i o n D . s h o w i n g d i s r e s p e c t 0 0 3 2 .I f a r u l e r f o l l o w s o t h e r a u t h o r s ' s u g g e s t i o n , h e m i g h t _ _ 0 0 A . t r y h i s b e s t t o b e a g o o d e g g a l lt h e t i m e 0 0 B . u n d e r s t a n d t h e i m p o r t a n t o f a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e s t a t e m e n t 0 0 C . t r y t o g a i n g r e a tf a m e a n d h i g h p r e s t i g e 0 0 D . k n o w w h e n t o b e k i n d a n d w h e n t o b e c r u e l 0 0 3 3 . I n t h e b o o k , t h ea u t h o r ' s d i s c u s s i o n m o s t l i k e l y f o c u s e s o n _ _ 0 0 A . p r e s e n t i n g a r e a l w o r l d t o h i s r e a d e r s 00 B . d e s c r i b i n g a n i d e a l s o c i e t y t o h i s r e a d e r s 0 0 C . e x p l a i n i n g h o w t o c o n s t r u c t a p e r f e c t sy s t e m 0 0 D . i l l u s t r a t i n g w h a t a w i s e r u l e r s h o u l d d o 0 0 3 4 . I f a r u l e r w a n t s t o s e c u r e t h e p o w er i n h i s o w n h a n d s , h e n e e d s _ _ 0 0 A . w i c k e d c r u e l t y B . i m m o r a l q u a l i t i e s 0 0 C . c u n n i n g s u b je c t s D . d i s r e p u t a b l e r i v a l s 0 0 3 5 . A s u i t a b l e t i t l e f o r t h e p a s s a g e w o u l d b e _ _ 0 0 A . O n V i r t ue s B . O n W i s d o m 0 0 C . O n P r a i s e a n d C e n s u r e D . O n P o w e r 0 0 P a s s a g e F o u r 0 0 F i n a l l y t h e d ir t r o a d i n M a i n e w a s l e a d i n g h o m e . T h e t i r e t o u c h e d t h e f i r s t p r o f a n i t y o f p a v e m e n t , a n d s u bt l y m y v a c a t i o n b e g a n s l i p p i n g a w a y . 0 0 B y t h e f i r s t F i n a l l y t h e d i r t r o a d i n M a i n e w a s l e a d in g h o m e . T h e t i r e t o u c h e d t h e f i r s t p r o - f a n i t y o f p a v e m e n t , t o l l b o o t h m y s t a t e o f m i n d h a d sh i f t e d f r o m n e u t r a l t o f i r s t g e a r . B y t h e t i m e I h a d p a s s e d a l l m y f a v o r i t e l a n d m a r k s , t h e s i g nt o B i d d e f o r d , t h e b r i d g e l a b e l e d C a t M o u s a m R o a d &
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