初中语法动词及情态动词

动词的分类

表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类，有些动词是兼类词。 1．行为动词

行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 More and more people study English. (vt)

The students are listening to the teacher carefully. (vi) 2．连系动词

连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。 Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. It feels damp. 3．助动词

助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动 词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。 How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now. 4．情态动词

情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。

Can I help you?

- Must we go now? -No, you needn’t.

1）. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的\"能\"；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而\"能\"。

2）. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为\"必须\"，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为\"不得不\"，它可用于各种时态。 3）．need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。 动词的基本形式

绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

A. 第三人称单数形式的构成

1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work—works, write—writes。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如study—studies。 B. 现在分词的构成

1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study—studying, work—working。

2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving。

3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning。

4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。 C. 过去式和过去分词的构成

1. 一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked。

2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced。

3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried, study—studied。

4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。 英语连系动词的分类

(1) 状态系动词：只有be一词。如： She is always like that. 她总是那样。

I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。

(2) 持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如： I hope you’ll keep fit.

He always kept silent at meeting. The door remained closed. He stayed single.

(3) 表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem, appear, look等。如： He looks tired.

He seems (to be) quite happy. The doctor seemed very capable.

He appeared quite well. 他显得身体相当好。

(4) 感官系动词：表示“……起来”，有feel, smell, sound , taste 等。如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. They all look alike to me. Everybody feels contented. Silk feels soft and smooth. It sounds a good idea. This food tastes good.

(5) 变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如： He became mad after that.

She had grown thinner and thinner. When she saw this, she turned red. We get wiser as we get old.

When I mentioned it to him he went red. He went mad.

The children must not go hungry.

(6) 终止系动词：主要有prove, turn out(结果是，证明是) 等。如： His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。

My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。 情态动词

情态动词有具体的词义，但也同助动词一样，需要与其他词语一起构成句子的谓语，另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词后必须跟动词原形。

考点一：can，may，must等情态动词在陈述句中的用法： 1. can的用法：

（1）表示能力时一般译为“能、会”，即有种能力 She can swim fast, but I can’t .

（2）.表示许可,可以和may互换。You can use my dictionary.

（3）.表示推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中，此时can’t译为“不可能”。 如：Can the news be true?—No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall. 2. could的用法：

（1）.can的过去式，意为“能、会”，表示过去的能力。如：He could write poems when he was 10. 注意：could只表示有做某事的能力，如表过去具体做成某一件事时需用was/were able to do.

（2）. could在疑问句中，表示委婉客气地提出问题或看法，此时could没有过去式的意思。

如:Could you do me a favour?—Could I use your pen?—Yes, you can.（注意回答）

（3）表可能性，此时could不是can的过去式，只是强调可能性比can小。 At that time we thought the story could not be true. 3. may的用法：

（1）.表示请求、许可，比can正式.

May I borrow your bike? You may go home now.

(2) .表示推测，谈论可能性，意为“可能，或许”，(只用于肯定和否定句中，不用于疑问句） 如：It may rain tomorrow . She may be at home.

(3) .may的过去式为might，表示推测时。可能性低于may。 He is away from school. He might be sick. (4) . 表祝愿，通常是用may +主+V

May you have a good time. May you be happy! May you succeed！ 4.might的用法：

（1）may的过去式，表过去的“可以”和“允许” She said that he might take her dictionary. （2）表现在的“可能”，可能性比may小。

Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a sever shock. 5. must的用法：

(1).must表示主观看法，意为“必须、一定”。

如：You must stay here until I come back. Must I hand in my homework right now? (2)其否定形式mustn’t表示“一定不要” “千万别” “禁止,不许”. 如：You mustn’t play with fire. You mustn’t be late.

(3)对must引导的疑问句，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to . 如：—Must I finish my homework?—No, you needn’t.

(4)must表示有把握的推测，用于肯定句。如: The light is on, so he must be at home now. 6. need的用法：

（1）.need表示需要、必须，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，其否定形式为needn’t，意为“没有必要，不必”。用need提问时，肯定回答为must，否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。 —Need I stay here any longer?

—Yes, you must .—No. you needn’t /don’t have to.

(2).need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称、数和时态的变化,可用于肯定句，否定句疑问句中 I need to do it right now.

情态动词need 实义动词need You need(not) do You (don’t) need to do He need(not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

如果是物作主语，一般用need doing与need to be done这种情况下应注意两点：

①.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义；②.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如：. The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 7. dare的用法：dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need，有两种词性：

（1）dare作为情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，无第三人称单数形式，只有一般现在时和一般过去时。

Dare he tell them what he knows?

I daren’t ask her –will you do it for me?

（2）dare作为实义动词，此时有人称、数及时态的变化。如：He doesn’t dare to break his promise. 8. shall的用法：

(1). shall用作情态动词，用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、

“威胁”或“允诺”等意 如：

He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. You shall have it back tomorrow.

You shall not pass the exam if you keep playing like this.

(2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人征询对方意见或请求指示。

Shall I open the door? Shall he come to see me? 9. should的用法：

（1）.should意为“应该”，可表示劝告、建议等。 如：We should protect the environment.

（2）Should have done表示对过去动作的责备、批评。 如：You should have finished your homework.

（3）“ should+be+表语”的结构，表示按常理推测。 如：They left early, they should be back back by now.

（4）在“It is natural(strange,necessary,surprised,impossible,important)that.......”句型中，主语从句中的 谓语动词要用should+动词原形；在advise，suggest，order，demand，request等的句型中，从 句用should+do形式。

如:It is necessary that he (should)be sent there at once. It is strange that he should say so. 10. will的用法：

will表示意愿、意志、打算，可用于多种人称。如：I will help you if I’m free this afternoon. 11. Ought to用法

后接动词原形，表应该.如：You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor. 否定形式缩略为oughtn’t.如：You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 也可以用于疑问句。Ought you to smoke so much? 考点一:不同情态动词的否定意义也不同：

1.（1）.can’t可译为“不会”，如：I can’t play basketball.

（2）当句子表推测时，用can’t表达不可能，如：He can’t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom. （3）can’t还可用来回答“ May I …? ”这样的问句。 如：May I come in ? No, you mustn’t. / can’t. （4）can’t还可用于固定习语中。

can’t help doing禁不住，情不自禁can’t wait to do something迫不及待地要做… 2. may的否定式为may not，译成“可能不”，如：He may not be at home. 考点二:情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态这两个方面。

考点三:情态动词表示推测的用法:

1、“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在的推测。

1）、can表示推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。如：That man can＇t be her husband. 2）、must表示肯定的推测，一般用于肯定句中。如：He must be in his office now. 3）、might/may表示推测 表示其可能性较小。如：The man may be the headmaster. 4）、Could表示推测时，语气can比要弱，说话者留有余地。 —Could it be an animal?

—It could not be，because it is not moving.

5）、Should表示推测的可能性比较大，仅比must的可能性小一点。 It is already 10 o’clock now they should be there.

2、情态动词表示对过去可能发生的动作或存在过的动作的推测性用法。

1）、“must +have done/been------”表示“过去一定发生过某事或存在过某种状态”，不用于 “mustn’t +have-----”形式。

如：She must have seen the film before，hasn’t she?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)

2）“should +have done /been-------”表示“本应当做某事，而实际上并没有做”；“shouldn’t+完成式”表示“本来不应当做，而实际上却做了”。以上结构常带有说话者的责备的感情色彩。如： You should have finished your homework earlier (but in fact you did not finish it on time). 3.“needn’t+完成式”表示“本来没有必要做某事，而实际上却做了”。如： There was plenty of time. She needn＇t have hurried .

4、“can’t /couldn’t+have done /been-------”表示“过去不可能发生了某事或存在过某种状态”。如：

I saw him just now. He can’t have gone to Japan. 5、“could+have done/been-------”表示“过去本来能够，可以做某事或成为某种状态，而实际上没有”，说话者有些遗憾。 6、“may/might+完成式”表示“过去可能，本来可以于某事而实际上没有干”，might的可能性较小，语气较弱。如：He may have finished reading the book. 【情态动词易混点归纳】 易混点一:can和may

1. can和may均可用来征求意见或许可，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用。 如：Can/ May I help you ? 我能帮助你吗？ can和may表示可能性时的区别：

1)在肯定句中用might，may，must，不用can

2)在疑问句中表示推测用can，不用might，may，must

3)在否定句中用can’t（不可能），不用may，must。如：She may be in the classroom .她可能在教室里。Where can they be now?他们现在可能在哪儿？That can’t be true.那不可能是真的。 易混点二: may be和maybe

用法区别 常用位置 may be may为情态动词，be为动词原形 句中，作谓语 maybe 副词，大概、也许，相当于perhaps 句首，作状语 例如：He may be wrong , but I’m not sure.也许他错了，但我也不确 易混点三：must和have to

1.must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要。have to侧重于客观上的必要，可用于现在时、过去时和将来时。

易混点四: used to do / be used to doing / be used to do…/ be used for doing sth

used to do表示过去常常发生的动作，强调过去，只用于过去；而be used to doing意为“习惯做…”；be used to do意为“……被使用去做……,”为被动语态形式。be used for doing sth“用作……” 选择

1．Do you know the boy _______ under the big tree? A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 2. －What do you think of the book?

－Oh, excellent. It’s worth ______ a second time.

A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being reading 3. There was a terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.

A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 4. When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise 5. I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.

A. don’t/had B. didn’t/have C. didn’t/had D. don’t/have 6. Most of the artists _______ to the party were from South Africa.

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 7. I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.

A. to smoke…smoking B. smoking…to smoke C. to smoke…to smoke D. smoking…smoking 8. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

9. European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. make C. made D. to make

10. He was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.

A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able to 【2011山东菏泽】11. —Will you stay for some more days?

—Sorry, I_____. My mother called to ask me to go back at once. A. mustn’t B. may not C. can’t D. wouldn’t 【2011山东滨州】12. – Must I get up early tomorrow morning? – No, _________. A. you mustn’t B. I don’t think you have to C. you can’t D. you need 【浙江湖州】 13. — Who’s singing in the next room? — It ____ be her . She has gone to New York. A. can’t B. must C. shouldn’t D. can 【2011山东泰安】14. —Must I learn all these words by heart?

—No, you ______. It’ll be fine if you copy them in your exercise books. A. needn’t B. can’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t 【2011浙江杭州】15.－Will the new iphone cost a lot? －I ______ think so. Apple’s products are usually expensive. A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. would D. Must 【2011浙江金华】16. — Must we clean the classroom now? — No, you needn't. It _____ after school. A. may clean B. must clean C. need be cleaned D. can be cleaned 17. You look quite tired. You’d better ______ a good rest. A. stop to have B. stop having C. to stop to have D. to stop having 18.—Hey, Ted! You _______ never play in the street. It’s not safe. —Sorry, Mum. I won’t again.

A. need B. must C. can D. May 19.—Look at the sign!

—Oh, I see.We _______ waste water.

A. can B. must C. mustn’t D. needn’t 20.---Would you come to my birthday party tomorrow evening? ---I’m afraid I ______. I have to look after my sister.

A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. mustn’t

21. It rained heavily, so we _______ stay at home watching TV or surfing the Internet all day. A. could B. had to C. Must D.may

22.—Must I go through the radiation (辐射) check when I come back from Japan at the airport these days? —Yes, you ______. A. can B. may C. might D. must

23.(2010.浙江省衢州市24. 1) Boys and girls. Don’t forget your report . It ______ today . A. can’t finish B. can’t be finished C. should finish D. should be finished 24.（2010·江苏省扬州市，11，1）—Must I mop up the floor now? --No, you________. A.needn’t B.can’t C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t 25.（2010·湖北省十堰市，29，1）—Where’s Jeff?

--I’m not sure. He ______be playing football on the playground. A.need B.might C.must D.can